Cobalt Complexes - 1451 Words

Cobalt Complexes Lab 4 Cobalt and its slew of complex children Abstract: Through a series of substitution reactions, different cobalt ammine complexes were created. These complexes were analyzed via, precipitation and gravimetric measures to determine that the substitution reactions that occurred. Introduction: Coordination chemistry is an important part of inorganic chemistry that involves the association and dissociation of ligands to a metal. The size, shape, and nucleophilic strength of a ligand will determine if a substitution reaction will potentially take place. Also, the charge, size, and oxidation state of the metal will determine how well substitution occurs. Associative substitution†¦show more content†¦Report Step 2: By adding the concentrated acid to carbonatotetraamminecobalt (III), carbonate was lost from the complex and released as carbon dioxide. This allowed for ammonia to take its place and also freed up a space for chloride ion to coordinate. This gave the complex an 18 electron count, stabilizing the compound. The compound was a redish purple color. The step was performed twice due to a small amount of product (1.7421 grams) the first time. This may be because of not getting the reaction hot enough the first time to avoid making aquopentammineco balt (III). The second time 3.4552 grams product was made, giving a total of 5.1973 grams for the two times the step was performed. Experimental Step 3: Preparation of Nitropentamminecobalt (III) Chloride [Co(NH3)5NO2]Cl2: 1.4983 grams of chloropentamminecobalt (III) chloride was added to 15 mL water and 5 mL of 6M NH3. The solution was warmed for about 10 minutes on and off a hot plate until the salt dissolved. The solution was then suction filtered to get rid of any remaining solid, then cooled and slightly acidified using dilute HCl. 1.9986 grams of Na NO2 was added and heated slightly to dissolve the initial red precipitate that formed. Again, the solution was cooled, and 20 mL of 12.1 M HCl was added. Bubbling occurred and yellow-brown crystals were formed. These crystals were filtered off and washed with ethylShow MoreRelatedCoordination Behavior Of New Bis1613 Words   |  7 Pagesreacted with copper(II), nickel(II), cobalt(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II) and dioxouranium(VI) ions, to yield binuclear complexes formulated as [(L)M2(OAc)2(H2O)n(EtOH)m]†¢xH2O†¢yEtOH where L = L1 or L2; M = Cu, Ni, Co, Z n or Cd; n = nil, 1 or 4; m, x and y = nil or 1, [(H2L2)Cd2(OAc)4(H2O)2]†¢EtOH, [(L)(UO2)2(OAc)2(H2O)2Y2]†¢nH2O where L = L1 or L2; Y = nil or H2O; n = 2.5 or 7, [(L3)M2(H2O)6]†¢nH2O where M = Cu or Zn; n = 1 or 6, [(L3)(UO2)2(H2O)4]†¢2.5H2O and dimeric complexes; [(L1)2Ni2]†¢3H2O and [(H2L3)2M2]†¢nH2ORead MoreLab Report on Le Chateliers Principle1363 Words   |  6 PagesI. Introduction: In this experiment, using Le Chatelier’s principle, we will observe several responses of a system at equilibrium to various changes in external conditions. The experiment aims to investigate two equilibrium systems: (a) cobalt complexes and (b) chromate-dichromate equilibrium and explain observations in light of the Le Chatelier’s principle. II. Theory/Concepts: In 1884 the French chemist and engineer Henry-Louis Le Chatelier proposed one of the central concepts of chemicalRead MoreLab Report on Le Chateliers Principle1372 Words   |  6 Pages1 I. Introduction: In this experiment, using Le Chatelier’s principle, we will observe several responses of a system at equilibrium to various changes in external conditions. The experiment aims to investigate two equilibrium systems: (a) cobalt complexes and (b) chromate-dichromate equilibrium and explain observations in light of the Le Chatelier’s principle. II. Theory/Concepts: In 1884 the French chemist and engineer Henry-Louis Le Chatelier proposed one of the central concepts of chemicalRead MoreThe Iron Mask Project Is Located At An Elevation Of M 425 M Above Mean Sea Level Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pagesthe central Hess and Moncrief Townships focused on base metals and uranium associated in Huronian Sediments and the Nippising Diabase. 1929: Iron Mask Cobalt Silver Mines Company A 120 m long cobaltite-bearing and intermittently exposed magnetite mineralized zone at a limestone-diabase contact was discovered. A US Geological Survey analysis of a cobalt mineralized sample reported 20.0% Co and 6.3% Ni. 1957-1959 Alcourt Mines Limited The company completed trenching and drilling of five holes (378 meters)Read MoreThe Exploration History Of The Mcara Property Provided Here Essay1283 Words   |  6 Pagessignificantly mineralized rocks (Willars, 1971). In 1982, perceived Witwatersrand-type gold deposit potential caused a major staking rush in the area, with exploration focused on conglomeratic units in the Paleoproterozoic Lorrain Formation of the Cobalt Group that forms the upper part of the Huronian Supergroup. Exploration was unsuccessful and the claims were quickly abandoned. Mid-1980s: Falconbridge Nickel Falconbridge Nickel explored for base metal VMS deposits in the mid-1980s in the nearbyRead MoreTungto Cobalt Heteropoly Cell Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract Recently, we reported a completely new all tungsto-cobalt heteropoly acid redox flow battery (RFB) with a high coulombic efficiency and promising prospect. Because of the relatively large size and high negative charge, the tungsto-cobalt heteropoly acid anion is difficult to cross Nafion membrane, thus necessiating the need to employ thinner ion exchange membrane. In this study, the effects of the thickness of the membranes on the battery performance were investigated. Three types of NafionRead MoreStudy Of The Oxidation Of 35 Di Tert Butylcatechol1610 Words   |  7 Pagesconcentration and saturation kinetics in both 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol concentration and dioxygen pressure. The kinetic parameters have been determined using Michaelis-Menten approach. A mechanism has been suggested for the oxidation reaction. Keywords: Cobalt(II)porphyrin complex; oxidation; 3,5-di-tert-butyl- catechol; dioxygen oxygen; 3,5-di-tert-butylbenzoquinone. *Corresponding author. Tel.: +201008591157; fax: +20 403344352. E-mail address: saharelkhalfy@hotmail.com 1Read MoreTaking a Look at Coordinating Compounds886 Words   |  4 PagesCoordinating compounds, usually noted by their Indo-Aryan name ‘dvandva’. Coordination complexes were notable since the start of chemistry. The definition and border of the class of coordinating compounds involves two issues: initially, what a ‘compound’ is and how can we distinguish coordinative compounds from alternative multiword expressions; second, the understanding of what coordination is, and the way its to be distinguished from alternative, non-symmetrical relations (e.g. subordination)Read MoreChirality in Chemistry Essay806 Words   |  4 Pagesproperty is more common in determining weather metal complexes are chiral. Chiral metal complexes may be tetrahedral, trigonal bypyramidal, square planar or octahedral in shape. An eaxample of an octahedral chiral compound is the complex ion [ Cr(C2O4)]-3 . Cis-amminechlorobis (ethylenediamine) cobalt (2+), [Cr(edta)]- and [Ru(bipy)3]2+ are all examples of octahedral chiral compounds. The structure of these complexes would show that there is no centre of inversion orRead MoreCobalt (Ii) Oxygen Essay2726 Words   |  11 PagesCobalt(II) Oxygen adduct complex Inorganic 461 lab 2-29-2012 Abstract This experiment uses Co(salen) as a model compound illustrating the uptake of oxygen in hemoglobin. SalenH2 was prepared as the intermediate, and reacted with hydrated cobalt to prepare Co(salen). Using Co(salen) the oxygen up-take was tested. The synthesis of SalenH2 produced 0.65 g. The percent yield of salenH2 was 116% on the filter paper and 105% after transferring salenH2 to a vial. The melting point of salenH2, was

My Little Son And My Beloved By Morris Rosenfeld - 928 Words

Since a poem is often less than a standard page in length, it is useful to consider similar poems to each other in order to locate a textual echo. The poems â€Å"My Little Son† and â€Å"To my Beloved†by Morris Rosenfeld both echo themes of struggling familial structure due to the stress and time devoted to working. In all three of these poems the protagonist is conflicted between the amount of work he has to do in order to support his family, and the lack of time he is actually getting to spend with his family. The amount of work and use of modern technology greatly impacts the family structure of the immigrants in these poems, and requires them to make great sacrifices as they are forced to choose between being productive at work and having a good relationship with their family. This tough decision will greatly effect both the immigrant worker and the rest of his family as the author tries to communicate the difficulty of working so hard and such long hours in immi grant America. The tension between time spent at work and time spent with family is clear in both of Rosenfeld’s poems, as well as the adverse effect that working long hours has on relationships. In â€Å"To My Beloved† the speaker has worker is too busy working and has â€Å"hired out my arms and hands,† and therefore is not able to embrace his beloved who has come to see him while at work (Rosenfeld 27). The speaker exclaims that â€Å"here I may not embrace you—no,† to his significant other, and instead encourages her to â€Å"come to

Auditing Theory and Practice Auditing and Assurance Services

Question: Discuss about theAuditing Theory and Practicefor Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Answers: Introduction The auditing is considered as a methodology that helps to verify the various accounts of an organization. As per Messier (2016), the auditors generally take the responsibility to plan and perform the auditing procedure by the process of complying the necessary rules, policies, doctrines and regulations of the GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). According to Coad et al. (2016), the auditors usually issue two different types of audit reports and these include unqualified and qualified reports of audit after the performance of the audit procedure of a firm. The viewpoint of a qualified auditor indicates that the extent of a provided accounting as well as financial information is limited. Moreover, it can be said that the particular organization has not been compiled with the principles of the GAAP efficiently. On the other hand, it has been found that the unqualified kind of audit report presents the financial and accounting records of a firm with appropriateness. Thus, it is important for the auditors to maintain the varied factors during performance of the audit operations. At first, the auditors should uphold their simplicity at the time of evaluation of the fiscal declarations. Secondly, it is an important factor for the auditors to consider the various factors related to the monetary situation of the organization into an account. The reason behind this is that it might affect the decisions of banks regarding their investments; moreover, this might also affect the decisions of investors and financial institutions. On the basis of the case study, it can be said that the particular report on auditing was unqualified, especially after the duration 30th of June of the year 2012. The audit report of the King Queen audit firm implies that the Impulse Pty Limited had an effective operation during auditing. It has been noted that the particular firm was suffering due to extreme problem of liquidity, as the firms inventory turnover and the turnover of debtors were poor. Based on this it can be said that the particular firm had lesser amount of liquid assets (Broberg, Umans and Gerlofstig 2013). The King Queens auditor were aware of the matter but sufficient priority should also be provided to it. Therefore, effective measures have not been used for gauging accurate asset values. Additionally, the supplementary procedure that is generally required for ascertaining the inventory valuations and debtors of the firm have also not been considered here. On the basis of unqualified report of audit, the firm Easy Finance Limited (EFL) has granted huge quantity of loan to the Impulse, while the report portrays the firms effective liquidity condition. Nevertheless, it has been found that in the year 2012, the liquidity situation of the particular organization dropped down and the EFL suffers for recovering the loan amount that has been provided. This denotes the negligence of the auditors responsibility case, where the auditor failed to take the important factors regarding the fiscal situation of the firm into account; especially those provide issues in order to recover the total amount of loan. Some of the identical cases are as follows: Firstly, as per the result of the case Hedley Byrne and Co Ltd v Heller and Partners (1964) AC 465, the report of the auditors might influence the process of making decision directly. Thus, here the negligence of the auditors has been found to affect the audited party notably. Secondly, a case named Law Society vs. KPMG Peat Marwick and Others; CHD 3 NOV, 1999 has been considered and from this it has been found that the auditors of the auditing firm consider that the compensation fund as well as the community depend on the decisions of the auditors. Moreover, it has been noted that the auditors negligence delays the process of discovering the accounting malpractices and this has increased the expense. Thus, on the basis of the depicted factors, the auditors are considered responsible for ignoring their professional responsibility (Kogan et al. 2014). Therefore, based on above two cases, it can be said that negligence in the professional responsibility might be considered as a serious offence for an auditor and thus, the organization King Queen is considered as answerable to EFL. As per the rules and regulations of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, it has been determined that the audited party as well as the auditor requires maintaining confidentiality. Thus, as per the policy of confidentiality, an auditor is incapable to unveil any kind of information that is associated with the auditing of a firm. In addition to these, it has been found that in certain cases, the auditors are not able to disclose any kind of information that is associated with the third partys internal audit.Opined to the given case study, it can be said that there are two scopes firstly, a particular circumstance where an auditor is capable to divulge the information related to the internal audit of a third party. Moreover, the process of making decision regarding the investment is very dependent on the auditors report. Thus, the company King Queen is considered as accountable to the EFL. The reason behind this is that the earlier was trained to divulge the internal situatio n of the firm to the investors, financial institutions and banks (Porter, Simon and Hatherly 2014). In addition to this, based on the detailed study, it can be said that the given case on the firm King Queen has not revealed any type of information that is related to any financials to the third party and this has helped the firm to deduce its total quantity of liability to the EFL. The reason behind this is that it might violate the regulations and rules of GAAP regarding the disclosure of any financial information related to internal auditing. Therefore, the liability of the audit firm King Queen towards the EFL has been reduced and this has resulted into two different kinds of situations, where the answer might differ on the basis of the permission of the audited third party. According to Vasarhelyi et al. (2012), the independence of the auditor is referred to the particular independence that is provided to the external or internal auditors of the firm from the perspectives of all those parties who are associated with the businesss financial interest. The sovereignty of the companys auditor might be characterized by the help of integrity as well as objective approach to the procedures of auditing. This serves the approach of auditing to the procedure of auditing and this is featured by the help of integrity. Moreover, it can be said that the concept regarding independence needs the auditors for carrying their work in a purpose way. Authentic Independence Opined to Wang et al. (2013), the actual independence is termed as real independence. This is considered as the mind independence. Moreover, this is regarded as the ways by which the auditors deal with the particular circumstances. In addition to this, it identifies the auditors ability to consider the independent decisions when these are kept in a negotiation situation on the portion of the companys directors. Additionally, the mental attitude as well as the personal integrity of an auditor helps him to identify if the auditors are genuinely independent or not. The auditors decision regarding the fiscal declarations of the firm is priced by the method of maintaining the standard of the real independence. Distinguished Independence The auditors perception in the field of solving and tackling the issues that are related to the process of auditing is considered as the perceived independence. It can be said that the auditors might make utilization of various perceptions in order to resolve the issues that might assist to get an optimal solution. Moreover, the judgment of the apparent independence might not be done with the help of utilization of any specific procedure as the concept generally differs from one auditor to another. Therefore, it can be said that there is a high probability that might lead to cause material misstatements at the duration when the asset valuation of a particular firm is conducted (Hayes, Wallage and Gortemaker 2014). As all the arrangements are considered in a various way by which the users have various perceptions and due to this, the professional judgment requires to come to the front. Moreover, the auditors especially who face various troubles regarding the perceived independence are required to count the materiality. This is chiefly considered as the independence of the companys auditors by the third parties and from the viewpoint off the customers who participate in the arrangement of the procedure of auditing. As per the provided case study, it can be said that in the first case, Bob performs two tasks simultaneously. Therefore, at the time of studies in the University, Bob worked as an audit assistant in an organization named Club Casino. Therefore, he requires to finish the assignment of the university and during the period of conducting audit, Bob obtained various financial information that helps to serve assistance during the completion of the assignment. It has been found that in this case, Bob used the companys internal information for his personal cause. Thus, it can be said that Bob breached the principle of confidentiality. Moreover, he breached the principle of integrity and as an auditor himself; he should maintain both the confidentiality and integrity at the time of conducting the process of auditing. In addition, Bob should keep the confidentiality of the data and information, as he is an auditor and should not disclose it or utilize all the fiscal information for his persona l cause without the permission of the authority. The second case is regarding the company Ace Limited, whose audit partner is Wendy. It has been found that in the absence of company secretary, Wendy performed all the duties of a company secretary for long six months. The particular organization should run its business as per the rules and regulations, but it breached the rules of GAAP (Eilifsen et al. 2013). The reason behind this is that as per GAAP, the audit partner of a firm cannot carry out any responsibility of a member of board of directors. Thus, this act is considered as a chief offence in the profession of auditing. Thus, it can be suggested that Wendy should put his resignation from the position of company secretary. As per the third case, Leo is the eldest son of a factory labor. During vacation, he was assigned to the factory Precision Machinery Limited as an internal auditor. In addition to this, more responsibilities were assigned to him and these include payment of cash systems and internal control testing that are related to the operations of the firm (Porter, Simon and Hatherly 2014). Therefore, it can be said that this has resulted into breach of rules regarding auditing, as acquaintances of any employee of a firm cannot be assigned as an audit partner of the similar institution. However, there are mainly two measures by implementing which breach of rules can be protected. These include Leo should give resignation from the position of internal audit or his father should resign from his designation. Thus, by adopting any one of the alternatives, the particular organization will be able to comply its operations with the procedures and regulations of audit. According to the fourth case, Classic Reproduction Pty Limited has Chan Associates as auditors. Since the firm has failed in settlement with Chan Associates regarding its fees (past 3 years), the company has passed through various financial difficulties. Thus, for settling off the dues, the firm has served with various furniture i.e. value 50 % of the exceptional fees of Chan Associates. Additionally, latter obtained 25% of the total shares of unconnected listed organization for recovering the left out part of the fees from the organization Classic Reproduction Pty Limited. As per rules of auditing, auditors cannot admit bribes as a substitution of their fees and cannot accept any shares from unlisted firms and it indicates breach of principle (Arens, Elder and Beasley 2012). Thus, Chan Associates are needed to return all furniture that they have taken and also the shares achieved from Classic Reproduction Pty Limited. References Arens, A.A., Elder, R.J. and Beasley, M.S., 2012.Auditing and assurance services: an integrated approach. Prentice Hall. Broberg, P., Umans, T. and Gerlofstig, C., 2013. Balance between auditing and marketing: An explorative study.Journal of international accounting, auditing and taxation,22(1), pp.57-70. Coad, A., Coad, A., Jack, L., Jack, L., Kholeif, A. and Kholeif, A., 2016. Strong structuration theory in accounting research.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,29(7), pp.1138-1144. Eilifsen, A., Messier, W.F., Glover, S.M. and Prawitt, D.F., 2013.Auditing and assurance services. McGraw-Hill. Hayes, R., Wallage, P. and Gortemaker, H., 2014.Principles of auditing: an introduction to international standards on auditing. Pearson Higher Ed. Kogan, A., Alles, M.G., Vasarhelyi, M.A. and Wu, J., 2014. Design and evaluation of a continuous data level auditing system.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,33(4), pp.221-245. Messier Jr, W., 2016.Auditing assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Porter, B., Simon, J. and Hatherly, D., 2014.Principles of external auditing. John Wiley Sons. Vasarhelyi, M.A., Alles, M., Kuenkaikaew, S. and Littley, J., 2012. The acceptance and adoption of continuous auditing by internal auditors: A micro analysis.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,13(3), pp.267-281. Wang, C., Chow, S.S., Wang, Q., Ren, K. and Lou, W., 2013. Privacy-preserving public auditing for secure cloud storage.IEEE Transactions on computers,62(2), pp.362-375.

Neanderthal Hybrid Essays - Human Evolution,

Neanderthal Hybrid Implications of Neanderthal-Homo Sapiens Hybrid by Abrigo do Lagar Velho. In a recent excavation at Abrigo do Lagar Velho in Portugal, Duarte et al (1999) unearthed what was later to be recognized as early human skeletal remains which pointed to interbreeding between Neanderthal and Modern Humans during the mid - upper Palaeolithic transition. The morphology of the remains, belonging to a child of approximately 3-4 years old, indicates a Neanderthal typology in post-cranial features, and more modern cranial features. The find has been cited as evidence of hybridization between the two traditionally separate human lines, and offers an explanation to the question of Neanderthal extinction. (Trinkaus 1999) Anthropologists are now offered a line of evidence pointing to the contemopranity of Moderns and Neanderthals in parts of Europe and assumptions can be made about their contact: "The discoverers...are making a ground-breaking claim, that the skeleton shows traces of both Neanderthal and modern human ancestry, evidence that modern humans did not simply extinguish the Neanderthals, as many researchers had come to think. Instead the two kinds of human were so alike that in Portugal, at least, they intermingled...for thousands of years." (Kunzig, 1999) By examining the theories of human evolution, and looking at the cultural evolution of tool technology as well as the biological transitions and differences between the two types of humans, we can see that this hybridization just might be the answer. Perhaps this find will be able to tell us what exactly did happen to the Neanderthals. Firstly, it is useful to have an overview of the different theories of human evolution, or I should say the two most widely accepted views as accepted by palaeo-anthropologists in the field. For some years now it has been the contention that the origins of modern humans stem from either a continuous evolution from archaic to modern humans in local regions from an earlier dispersal of Homo erectus, or conversely from modern humans evolved in Africa only which then dispersed to replace those hominids in said regions. These two theories are known as the Continuity or Regional model and the Replacement or Out of Africa model respectively. The fossil (skeletal) and cultural (technological) evidence thus far has pointed to convincing arguments on both sides, which proponents are quick to defend. Neanderthals can be distinguished from anatomically Modern Humans by the presence of prominent brow ridges, low forehead, occipital bun, facial prognathicism, large nasal aperture, and shorter, sturdier skeletal features most notably, distinguishing them from Moderns who were taller and had longer limbs, higher foreheads, lass prominent browridges and rounder skulls. It should be noted that the cranial capacities of both were comparable, with the Neanderthals being even slightly larger. (Klein: 1989) Many proponents of a regional theory claim that such morphological differences show a continuity and depending on how they are viewed can be seen as evidence of variation within a species, not distinct species. This would mean that the Neanderthal morphology developed as an adaptation to the colder glacial climate of Europe and elsewhere. (Wolpoff:1980) From a replacement standpoint however, these differences in morphology are too distinct to be variables on a theme and in conjunction with dates provides evidence supporting that view. (Mellars and Stringer:1989) Neanderthals occupied Europe and the Middle East during a time range usually agreed upon as ranging from roughly 130 kya - 35 kya to as recent as approx. 26kya. Modern populations are seen as early as 100kya in the Middle East and around 40 kya in Europe. At some sites in the middle east, both populations lived in very close proximity to one another for what is thought to be a time range of about 40 000 years. (Akazawa et al:1998) Recent developments in genetic studies have begun to open new lines of evidence in the relatedness of Neanderthals to current modern human populations. By studying the genes of both, we can compare the similarities and differences and calculate whether the two are close enough to say there is a relation or not. This line of research had been theory mostly because the skeletal remains on record had no organic material available from which to extract genetic material (i.e.: collagen in the bone). DNA from a Neanderthal specimen would be able to confer or oppose the " Mitochondrial Eve" theory put forth by Cann et al in 1987 (Foley and Lahr 1992: 526; Klein 1989:352) which stated that the common ancestor for modern human populations could be traced to approx. 200kya in Africa. When DNA was finally extracted from a Neanderthal specimen, this could be addressed.

Free Essays on Symbols In Lord Of The Flies

Piggy’s specs are a very symbolic object. Piggy is a social outcast but his intelligence and thoughtfulness well exceed that of any of the other boys. His thoughts come to life through Ralph’s image to make an ultimate leader. The specs are a symbol of man’s ability to perceive and think, man’s greed, and the boys’ vision of civilization. Piggy is the most intelligent boy and has the clearest perception of the boys on the island. The fact that he wears glasses is a symbol of his intelligence. After he was killed, â€Å"There was no Piggy to talk sense.†(216) Piggy was â€Å"a true, wise friend.† (202). At the beginning of the novel, Ralph uses the specs to create a signal fire for rescue, an intelligent idea. However, Jack uses Piggy’s specs to â€Å"smoke [Ralph] out and set the island on fire†(217). This is a contrast between the good and bad applications of man’s knowledge. The specs symbolise the greedy nature of mankind. The two tribes want the specs to create fire. Jack’s tribe wants fire to cook, Ralph’s tribe want the specs to keep the signal fire going. Ralph’s tribe was willing to share the glasses, â€Å"[Jack], You could have had fire whenever you wanted. But you didn’t. You came sneaking up like a thief and stole Piggy’s glasses!† (195) Jack would rather steal the specs and make Ralph’s tribe weak than share the tools they have collectively. He wants to have more power at all costs. His lack of morals lets his greedy nature take him over, and his followers as well. It is interesting because when Piggy has lost his glasses and can not see, the rest of the boys also lose their perception of reality and what is and is not acceptable behaviour. Roger loses his vision of what is humane, and â€Å"with a sense of delirious abandonment, leaned all of his weight on the lever†(200) and took Piggy’s life. They practically aba ndon all ties to civilized life, and they are too blind to see this. Piggy’s glasse... Free Essays on Symbols In Lord Of The Flies Free Essays on Symbols In Lord Of The Flies Piggy’s specs are a very symbolic object. Piggy is a social outcast but his intelligence and thoughtfulness well exceed that of any of the other boys. His thoughts come to life through Ralph’s image to make an ultimate leader. The specs are a symbol of man’s ability to perceive and think, man’s greed, and the boys’ vision of civilization. Piggy is the most intelligent boy and has the clearest perception of the boys on the island. The fact that he wears glasses is a symbol of his intelligence. After he was killed, â€Å"There was no Piggy to talk sense.†(216) Piggy was â€Å"a true, wise friend.† (202). At the beginning of the novel, Ralph uses the specs to create a signal fire for rescue, an intelligent idea. However, Jack uses Piggy’s specs to â€Å"smoke [Ralph] out and set the island on fire†(217). This is a contrast between the good and bad applications of man’s knowledge. The specs symbolise the greedy nature of mankind. The two tribes want the specs to create fire. Jack’s tribe wants fire to cook, Ralph’s tribe want the specs to keep the signal fire going. Ralph’s tribe was willing to share the glasses, â€Å"[Jack], You could have had fire whenever you wanted. But you didn’t. You came sneaking up like a thief and stole Piggy’s glasses!† (195) Jack would rather steal the specs and make Ralph’s tribe weak than share the tools they have collectively. He wants to have more power at all costs. His lack of morals lets his greedy nature take him over, and his followers as well. It is interesting because when Piggy has lost his glasses and can not see, the rest of the boys also lose their perception of reality and what is and is not acceptable behaviour. Roger loses his vision of what is humane, and â€Å"with a sense of delirious abandonment, leaned all of his weight on the lever†(200) and took Piggy’s life. They practically aba ndon all ties to civilized life, and they are too blind to see this. Piggy’s glasse...

How to Use the Inverted Pyramid in Newswriting

How to Use the Inverted Pyramid in Newswriting Inverted pyramid refers to the structure or model commonly used for hard-news stories. It means that the most important, or heaviest information goes at the top of the story, while the least important information goes at the bottom. Heres an example:  He used the inverted pyramid structure to write his news story. Early Beginnings The inverted pyramid format was developed during the Civil War. Correspondents covering the great battles of that war would do their reporting, then rush to the nearest telegraph office to have their stories transmitted, via Morse Code, back to their newsrooms. But the telegraph lines were often cut in mid-sentence, sometimes in an act of sabotage. So the reporters  realized they had to put the most important facts right at the very start of their stories so that even if most of the details were lost, the main point would get through. (Interestingly, the  Associated Press, which is known for its extensive use of tightly written, inverted pyramid stories, was founded around this same time. Today the AP is the oldest and one of the largest news organizations in the world.) Inverted Pyramid Today Of course, some 150 years after the end of the Civil War, the inverted pyramid format is still being used because it has served both journalists and readers well. Readers benefit from being able to get the main point of the story right in the very first sentence. And news outlets benefit by being able to convey more information in a smaller space, something thats especially true in an age when newspapers are literally shrinking. (Editors also like the inverted pyramid format because when working on tight deadlines, it enables them to cut overly long stories from the bottom without losing any vital information.) In fact, the inverted pyramid format is probably more useful today than ever. Studies have found that readers tend to have shorter attention spans when reading on screens as opposed to paper. And since readers increasingly get their news not just on the relatively small screens of iPads but on the tiny screens of smartphones, more than ever reporters must summarize stories as quickly and as succinctly as possible. Indeed, even though online-only news sites theoretically have infinite amounts of space for articles, since there are no pages to be physically printed, more often than not youll find that their stories still use the inverted pyramid and are very tightly written, for the reasons cited above. Do It Yourself For the beginning reporter, the inverted pyramid format should be easy to learn. Make sure to get the main points of your story - the five Ws and the H - into your lede. Then, as you go from the start to the finish of your story, put the most important news near the top, and the least important stuff near the bottom. Do that, and youll produce a tight, well-written news story using a format that has withstood the test of time.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 26

Leadership - Essay Example Categorizing the culture of company, it can be stated that the culture of the company is Low Performance Culture. High Performance Culture is the one where shared beliefs, attitudes, actions and goals persist whereas Low Performance Culture is opposite of it. The Mission Statement of GameStop Corporation states that the company is less inclined towards High Performance Culture whereas the Vision Statement of the company states its values for its employees, shareholders etc. Out of all these four types of organizational culture, the culture of GameStop is a mix of Create and Compete. The company always focuses on brining something new as the nature of the industry is innovative and competition is very tough. Therefore, in order to keep pace with its competitors, it has to â€Å"Compete† by bringing something new through utilizing â€Å"Create† culture. "Our GameStop, EB Games and Electronics Boutique retail locations set us apart in the industry. Everything that we offer our customers-from our expansive selection of new products, to our knowledgeable associates and our value-added pre-owned products-is geared to deliver customer satisfaction. We complement our store network with GameStop.com and EBgames.com, and publish Game Informer, one of the industrys largest circulation video game magazines." The culture of GameStop supports its Mission Statement but doesn’t support its Vision Statement. In Mission Statement, the company has stated about how customer oriented it is, which is certainly true however in Vision Statement, it has stated about commitment and providing value to its employee and shareholders which is not the case in actual. The company is highly customer oriented and employees are directed to perform as per the requirements and preferences of customers. The culture of the company can be improved only when if it aligns its Vision Statement along with its corporate culture.

Poverty in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Poverty in America - Essay Example 15). In this regard, the current case analysis aims present an evaluation of the current situation through a stakeholder analysis using ethical theories. From case facts, it was revealed that poverty affects different segments of society: children, minority groups (particularly African Americans and Hispanics), women, widows, the homeless, and other groups who could have lost their jobs, became ill, or met some unfortunate and fortuitous events. Thus, the factors that were deemed contributory to poverty include: job loss, misfortune, illness, lack of income despite working full-time, insufficient government support, ineffective welfare programs, break-up of marriage, the need to support children alone, and even laziness or indolence. Children were identified as being significantly affected by poverty. Case facts revealed that the cause of poverty in children include poor nutrition, reported exposure to environmental toxins, as well as the presence of stress hormones that negatively impact of children’s growth. Accordingly, â€Å"children are the poorest age group in the nation. In 2012, children were 60 percent more likely to be poor than adults ages 18-64, and nearly two-and-a-half times more likely to be poor than seniors† (Childrens Defense Fund, 2014, p. 22). Thus, children who remain in poverty have been noted to sustain negative impacts including inability to finish education, avail of health benefits, and be preponderant to exposure to criminal activities. Concurrently, another stakeholder to poverty are women, especially those who got divorced, were left by their spouses, got widowed, or who need to support their children on their own. As such, women were noted to apply for more welfare and financial support. Likewise, other factors which were noted to be contributory to poverty of women is the unequal and discriminatory labor rates, when

Politics in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Politics in Nigeria Essay Is there any lesson to be learnt in the war on terror where the proponents vowed never to dialogue or negotiate with terrorists, only to now realize, after the demise of thousands and loss of billions of dollars, that dialogue is the only option left for a lasting peace in Iraq and Afghanistan? Do we see such favour and sensationalism by the press on these botched attempts as we witness when the culprits happen to be Muslims? What would have happened if those Christians had succeeded in carrying out the blast? In a nation where the press in mainly in the hands of people of a particular faith, it is hard to be neutral in their reportage of these kinds of events; especially if it reinforces a stereotype and serves a hot selling item of news. John Akpava was caught with weapons at a Ministerial Press Briefing held at Radio House, Abuja. What would the press have done with this story if John Akpava were a Muslim? A ‘suicide’ bomber was allowed into the premises of the Church of Christ in Nigeria (COCIN), Jos, by a fellow member of the church, who detonated explosives that led to the death of 8 persons; 38 others were seriously injured. The Sun Newspaper of Tuesday, March 6th, 2012 reported that the said Boko Haram suicide bomber was identified by The Defence Headquarters (DHQ), as Mr. Adams Joseph Ashaba, ‘who allegedly masterminded the bombing of the Church of Christ in Nigeria (COCIN) in Jos, the Plateau State capital on February 26, disclosing, that he was actually a member of the Church.’ In another report on Daily Trust of Monday, February 27th, 2012, 8 members of the same (COCIN) were arrested this time in Bauchi with explosive devices desiring to set ablaze the church. Their arrest was almost thwarted by some Christians, but for the timely intervention of the Police. The above examples and that of the arrest of Augustine Effiong of Akwa Ibon origin who was reported by Thisday of May 21st, 2012, to have confessed his involvement in the BUK bombings, should make Muslim and Christian leaders realise that we are all in this together, and that we should work in harmony to bring about workable solution to the problem of insecurity in Nigeria. We have to do this. The problems of this country could only be solved by Nigerians. Yes, we can listen to good advice from abroad, and learn from other people’s experiences on similar matters. The ambivalence of the sacred is not to be seen as a bad thing. A polarised world is the one which should be strange. What we hold dear are not the same; our understanding of who God is and what His Laws are is also varied and diverse. The only thing we can firmly attest to as people is that we are brothers in humanity. The multiplicity of religions is a manifestation of our diverse backgrounds and reasoning. While some are content to worship the air and trees; others worship a fellow being as god. Look at Christianity and Islam for example: In either faith, we have hundreds of sects and variants. Each sect or variant in turn has its own idiosyncrasies and modes of worship and body of beliefs. The realisation that every time you are looking at the number 6 on a table, another sees the number 9 across that table helps to devise means to study and tolerate conflicting ideologies. While Muslims have been stereotypically dubbed as violent, Christians have had their share of stereotypes too. A typical uninformed Muslim thinks all Christians are Crusaders, trying to snuff out the light of Islam. He detests the Christians in his surroundings and distrusts them. When he meets the right Christian, he is confused and disorientated. He asks more and learns; he deepens his understanding and the shallowness of undue hate goes away. We also have stories of Christians referring to Muslims as idolaters and heathens who slaughter a ram every year to their god. One of such ignoramuses even wrote a book he titled â€Å"Who is This Allah?† He used that rare opportunity to show just how ignorant he is. The average uninformed Christian distrusts and despises the Muslims. The irresponsible journalism tactics employed by some media houses have also helped fuel the problem. The annual holidays connected to the Christian faith given by the Federal Government and most state governments are the Christian New Year, Good Friday, Easter Monday, Christmas and Boxing Day. We also have the weekly holidays of Saturday and Sunday to enable them go and worship. On the Muslim side we have the yearly holidays of Eidul Adha, Eidul Fitr and Mawlidun Nabiyy. The Osun state governor decided to give the Muslims their right by making 15th November, which corresponds to 1st Muharram a public holiday. Objectively, no one should have any issues with that; after all, are citizens are equal and what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander; but alas! That was not to be! The Christain owned Punch newspaper wrote an editorial condemning it and saying Nigeria is secular. How convenient! Muslims say he was sent by God as a messenger, bearer of glad tidings and warner against the impending doom of the end of time. They revere him and truly believe in him. They do not elevate him to a rank above prophethood. Any attack on his personality is an affront on their faith. The Muslims believe that Jesus (or ‘Eesa) the son of the Virgin Mary is alive, never died or resurrected, ascended to the heavens until his return, is a great prophet who was born in one of the four ways God perpetuates life. Any insult on him is an affront on the Muslim faith and any who disbelieves in him is not a Muslim. The Christians have two main beliefs about him. One says he is in fact God, Lord and Saviour; a part of a triune while the other contends that he was sent by God but lesser than God. These are clearly opposing views about the same people! Do we go out and persecute those who do not share the same sets of beliefs with us? Only a fool will answer in the affirmative! This madness must stop, and to stop it, we must know ourselves and what we hold dear better; that is no fool’s calling. We know and believe that if more of us know what you and I know today and if more are willing to practise our faiths to the letter, there will be little or no bloodshed. Over centuries Muslims and Christians and Jews have been murdered for the simple reason that they belong to a different faith; we can and must stop it.

Trotskys Contribution to the Success of the Bolsheviks up to 1922 Essa

Without contribution from crucial individuals politically involved in Russia at the time, the success of the Bolsheviks and the proceeding (ideally) Communist government may have been less then what we know today. One such individual was Trotsky.Trotsky made a vital contribution to the success of the Bolsheviks up to 1922. As Lenin made clear in 1918 Trotsky was in his view the only person able to save the revolution. Trotsky was a member of the Social Democratic Party and was living in exile in America. Surprised by the February revolution in Petrograd in 1917 he returned to Russia arriving in May 1917. In this revolution, he was the one who persuaded Lenin to hold off the attack until he was sure that the Bolshevik?s had a much more secure hold on the country. This led to the abdication of the Tsar and the establishment of a Provisional Government led by Kerensky. Although he had been a Menshevik (a branch of the Social Democratic Party which believed that there would be a workers uprising leading to a revolution) he was rapidly convinced by Lenin?s views to become a Bolshevik (a branch of the Social Democratic Party that believed a small organised party was needed to spearhead a revolution) and by June 1917 he was regarded by Lenin as the ?number 2? in the Bolshevik party. Trotsky had exceptional leadership qualities that helped the Bolsheviks to success. He was an opportunist, intelligent, pragmatic and persistent. Trotsky was a very effective public speaker and because of this ability, could get huge amounts of support on his side. He used real life comparisons so as to engage his audience. He was able to store confidence and trust in the public and the army, which was a massive contribution to the Bolshevik?s success... ... travel to the points where the fighting was the fiercest to provide support. By doing this he was able to boost moral, rally and inspire his men in a way that other leaders, especially White leaders, could not. What's more, it was Trotsky who decided to save Petrograd when it was under threat from Yudenich, when Lenin had lost all other hope. People were most impressed with Trotsky?s skill to turn the Red Army, which started off as barely anything, into a fighting army of around five million by the end of 1920. Trotsky was the main negotiator with the German when the peace treaty was made. Although Russia lost huge amounts of land, Trotsky decided that it was best to get out of the war, whatever the cost. The situation was that of such poverty in Russia at the time. In this treaty, Russia lost 54% of its industry, 26% of the railways and 89% of their coalmines.

Poetry and Dwarf Essay

  The thought-provoking poem, Assisi, written by Norman MacCaig is based on when MacCaig went to Assisi to visit the beautiful church built in St Francis’ name. The main character we read about, a dwarf sitting outside the church, is described in a way which evokes great sympathy for him. The writer achieves this by forming a vivid description of the dwarf and using different techniques helping him create sympathy for the dwarf from the reader. The first four lines of the poem create an image of the dwarf which is not very pleasant. â€Å"The dwarf with his hands on backwards/ Sat, slumped like a half-filled sack/  On tiny twisted legs from which/ Sawdust might run† The very first line of the poem is a very direct, blunt opening statement. The idea of the dwarfs hands being on ‘backwards’ is so disturbing that at once the reader starts to pity the dwarf. Using alliteration in the second line ‘sat slumped’ makes it seem that the dwarf sees no point in living anymore. The poet uses a simile to describe the way the dwarf was sitting, depicting him as a ‘half filled sack’ showing that the dwarf had been dehumanized by everyone surrounding him, making the writer annoyed that nobody is noticing the dwarf. MacCaig uses a metaphor on the third and fourth lines of the poem, ‘tiny twisted legs from which saw dust might run’ giving an idea of how small and weak the dwarf really is, not being able to move very far, therefore living a miserable life in the same place. MacCaig refers back to the dwarf nearer the end of the poem, evoking even greater sympathy for him. â€Å"The ruined temple outside, whose eyes/ Wept pus, whose back was higher/ Than his head, whose lopsided mouth/ Said grazie in a voice as sweet/ As a child’s when she spoke to her mother/ Or a bird when it spoke/ To St Francis. †The poet uses the phrase ‘ruined temple’ to show that the dwarf’s appearance is made in God’s image and even though his appearance may be destroyed, inside he is still just a normal man, like everyone else. MacCaig using the words ‘wept pus’ creates a very unpleasant picture with the idea of pus coming out of the dwarfs eyes but also a very sad picture with the idea that the dwarf was crying. ‘Whose back was higher than his head, whose lopsided mouth’, the writer says this to, again, accentuate the disturbing appearance of the dwarf, implying that the dwarf has a hunchback. At the end of the stanza, the poet surprises the reader when he uses the simile ‘as sweet as a child’ as coming from a man with such a bad physical appearance, the reader does not expect the dwarfs’ voice to be sweet. Throughout the poem, the dwarf is compared to different people and the church. In the first stanza MacCaig uses juxtaposition between the dwarf and the extraordinary building of the church, at the beginning he introduces the dwarf, and he then describes the church. He shows the comparison of how elaborate and wonderful the church at Assisi is, and how there is a dwarf, with a very miserable life, sitting outside. There is also a sense or irony in that, even though St Francis strived to help poor people, so much so that he got a church built in his name, there is still a very poor man sitting outside the church and nobody tries to help him. The second stanza concentrates on the priest, a man who is supposed to understand and share the meaning of God’s word. â€Å"A priest explained/ How clever it was of Giotto/ To make his frescoes tell stories/ That would reveal to the illiterate the goodness/ Of god and the suffering/ Of his son. I understand/ The explanation and/ The cleverness. † The word ‘a’ is used by MacCaig to introduce the priest. This indefinite article makes it seem like the priest is one of many, perhaps in criticism of the church itself, yet when he addresses the dwarf, the poet uses the word ‘the’ which suggests that the poet saw the dwarf as an individual, not like the priest who is just one of many. In this stanza the priest is showing the tourists around the church, showing them the frescoes that Giotto produced, explaining the word of god in pictures so that the illiterate could understand God’s word. The priest uses a very condescending tone when he speaks to the tourists, using a tone that suggests that he wanted to show off his church and his frescoes because he wanted the tourists to think that the he was very important. At the start of the final stanza, in reference to the second stanza, the writer describes how the tourists were acting. â€Å"A rush of tourists, clucking contentedly,/ Fluttered after him as he scattered/ The grain of the Word. It was they who had passed. † Here, the tourists are compared to hens who are clucking, chasing their master trying to get some grain, in this case God’s word. This refers to the parable ‘the sewer and the seed’. They represent the seeds that could not grow, who got caught in the thorns or thrown on the path, not understanding God’s word and therefore not growing into a healthy crop. The Priest would represent the farmer, sharing God’s word amongst the tourists. There are many themes in this poem but one of the main themes is the hypocrisy of the church. We see the church as an organisation that we expect to do good and help people less fortunate than themselves, and yet in the poem, Assisi, the priest, a representative of the church completely ignores the dwarf, an example of a poor man who the church should be helping, walking straight past him, not even acknowledging the dwarfs existence. This suggests that the church and also the priest don’t understand the meaning of what they are meant to be sharing, the true meaning of God, to help others. In conclusion, MacCaig manages to evoke a lot of sympathy for the dwarf. He does this by using detailed descriptions and comparisons between the dwarf and the church and priest. This makes for an interesting, thought provoking poem.

Philosophy reasoning Essay

Philosophy is divided into many sub-fields. These include epistemology, logic, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics. Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge, such as the relationships between truth, belief, and theories of justification. Logic is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. Metaphysics is the study of the most general features of reality, such as existence, time, the relationship between mind and body, objects and their properties, wholes and their parts, events, processes, and causation. Ethics, or â€Å"moral philosophy,† is concerned primarily with the question of the best way to  live, and secondarily, concerning the question of whether this question can be answered. Aesthetics deals with beauty, art, enjoyment, sensory-emotional values, perception, and matters of taste and sentiment. Definition: — The term philosophy itself comes from the Greek philosophia, which means love of wisdom. –The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. –The critical study of the basic principles and concepts of a particular branch of knowledge. Meaning: –The rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct based on logical reasoning rather than empirical methods. Significance: For us to avoid being fooled by those learned person, it removes or takes away doubts, it turns life to be simple and flexible in any circumstances†¦. The Importance of Philosophy Philosophic thought is an inescapable part of human existence. Almost everyone has been puzzled from time to time by such essentially philosophic questions as â€Å"What does life mean? † â€Å"Did I have any existence before I was born? † and â€Å"Is there life after death? † Most people also have some kind of philosophy in the sense of a personal outlook on life. Even a person who claims that considering philosophic questions is a waste of time  is expressing what is important, worthwhile, or valuable. A rejection of all philosophy is in itself philosophy. By studying philosophy, people can clarify what they believe, and they can be stimulated to think about ultimate questions. A person can study philosophers of the past to discover why they thought as they did and what value their thoughts may have in one’s own life. There are people who simply enjoy reading the great philosophers, especially those who were also great writers. Philosophy has had enormous influence on our everyday lives. The very language we speak uses classifications derived from philosophy. For example, the classifications of noun and verb involve the philosophic idea that there is a difference between things and actions. If we ask what the difference is, we are starting a philosophic inquiry. Every institution of society is based on philosophic ideas, whether that institution is the law, government, religion, the family, marriage, industry, business, or education. Philosophic differences have led to the overthrow of governments, drastic changes in laws, and the transformation of entire economic systems. Such changes have occurred because the people involved held certain beliefs about what is important, true, real, and  significant and about how life should be ordered. Systems of education follow a society’s philosophic ideas about what children should be taught and for what purposes. Democratic societies stress that people learn to think and make choices for themselves. Nondemocratic societies discourage such activities and want their citizens to surrender their own interests to those of the state. The values and skills taught by the educational system of a society thus reflect the society’s philosophic ideas of what is important. A philosophic system is an integrated view of existence. As a human being, you have no choice about the fact that you need a philosophy. Your only choice is whether you define your philosophy by a conscious, rational, disciplined process of thought and scrupulously logical deliberation — or let your subconscious accumulate a junk heap of unwarranted conclusions, false generalizations, undefined contradictions, undigested slogans, unidentified wishes, doubts and fears, thrown together by chance, but integrated by your subconscious into a kind of mongrel philosophy and fused into a single, solid weight: self-doubt, like a ball and chain in the place where your mind’s wings should have grown.

King Henry IV essays

King Henry IV essays In the play Henry IV, Part One, by William Shakespeare, Hal, the prince, is a lot less jovial and innocent than he portrays himself to be. Although he seems to live a life without worry and a lifestyle without any real thought about his life, the truth is that he has many plans and thinks much about his future and does many things with a distinct purpose. Although he acts very kind towards Falstaff, Hal truly does not appreciate Falstaff as much as he leads him on to believe. During one of the many times where Falstaff hints to the prince, that once he becomes king to make sure Falstaff is treated well and given a position, Hal says that he will not keep Falstaff around. Falstaff. But to say I know more harm tin him than in Myself were to say more than I know. This passage illustrates how Hal can act like a good friend to someone but really just be using him and acting fake in general. Also even though Hal is good friends with Falstaff, as early as in the first act of the play he robs from his friend Falstaff. This front that is put up by Hal is also hinted at when he talks about how great of a king he is going to be. He starts to talk about he can talk to the common people as well as the aristocracy: This passage illustrates more in depth how Hal is using his tavern experiences to learn to communicate with common folk more so that when he becomes king he will know how to speak to all of his people in the kingdom of England. His underlining reasons for being part of the tavern scene are apparently a little less obvious than one might perceive until the reasons he states and ways he treats his good friend are examined. Once all of the true ideas portrayed by Hal are revealed it becomes much more apparent that he has ulterior motives than just living an easy life. ...

Dates and Cities of the Olympic Games Throughout History

Dates and Cities of the Olympic Games Throughout History The Modern Olympic Games began in 1896, 1,503 years after the ancient Olympics were abolished. Held every four years- with a few exceptions (during  World War I  and  World War II)- these Games have brought camaraderie across borders and around the world. The athletes within each of these Olympic Games have undergone hardship and struggle. Some overcame poverty, while others overcame sickness and injury. Yet each gave their all and competed to see who was the fastest, strongest and best in the world. Discover the unique story of each of the Olympic Games. 1896 Athens Olympics The first Modern Olympic Games took place in Athens, Greece during the first weeks of April 1896. The 241 athletes who competed represented only 14 countries and wore their athletic club uniforms instead of national uniforms. Of the 14 countries in attendance, eleven have officially been declared in awards records: Australia, Austria, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.   1900 Paris Olympics The second Modern Olympic Games took place in Paris from May to October 1900 as part of the World Exhibition. The games were riddled with disorganization and were under-publicized. 997 athletes from 24 countries competed.   1904 St. Louis Olympics The  Games of the III Olympiad were held in St. Louis, Mo. from August to  September 1904. Due to tensions from the  Russo-Japanese War and complications in getting to the United States, only 62 of the 650 athletes who competed came from outside North America. Only  12 to 15 nations were represented.   Unofficial 1906 Athens Olympics Intended to reinvigorate interest in the Olympic Games after the 1900 and 1904 games yielded little fanfare, the Athens Games of 1906 were the first and only Intercalated Games, which had been meant to exist every four years (between regular Games) and only take place in Athens, Greece.  The president of the Modern Olympics declared the 1906 Games unofficial after the fact.   1908 London Olympics Originally slated for Rome, the fourth official Olympic Games was moved to London in the wake of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. These games were the first to feature an opening ceremony and considered the most organized yet.   1912 Stockholm Olympics The fifth official Olympic Games featured the use of electric timing devices and a public address system for the first time. Over 2,500 athletes competed representing 28 countries. These games are still heralded as one of the most organized to date.   The 1916 Olympics Due to rising tensions of World War I, the Games were canceled. They were originally scheduled for Berlin.   1920 Antwerp Olympics The VII Olympiad took place immediately after World War I, resulting in several countries decimated by the war not being able to compete. These Games marked the first appearance of the Olympic flag. 1924 Paris Olympics At the request and honor of retiring IOC president and founder  Pierre de  Coubertin, the  VIII Olympiad was held in his home city of Paris from May to July 1924. The first Olympic Village and Olympic Closing Ceremony marked new features of these Games.   1928 Amsterdam Olympics The IX Olympiad featured several new games, including gymnastics for women and mens track and field events, but most notably the IOC added the Olympics Torch and lighting ceremonies to the Games repertoire this year.  3,000 athletes from  46 countries participated.   1932 Los Angeles Olympics With the world currently experiencing the effects of the Great Depression, traveling to California for the X Olympiad seemed insurmountable, resulting in low response rates from countries invited. Domestic ticket sales also did poorly despite a small bump from celebrities who volunteered to entertain the crowds. Only 1,300 athletes participated, representing 37 countries.   1936 Berlin Olympics Without knowing Hilter would rise to power, the IOC awarded Berlin the Games in 1931.  This sparked international debate about boycotting the Games, but 49 countries ended up competing. These were the first televised games.   The Olympics in 1940 and 1944 Originally slated for  Tokyo, Japan, threats to boycott due to Japans war-mongering and Japans concern the Games would distract from their military goal led to the IOC  awarding  Helsinki, Finland the Games. Unfortunately, due to the outbreak of WWII in 1939, the games were canceled altogether. The IOC did not schedule a 1944 Olympic Games because of World War IIs continued devastation around the world.   1948 London Olympics Despite much debate over whether to continue the Games after World War II, the XIV Olympiad was held in London from July to August 1948 with a few post-war modifications. Japan and Germany, the aggressors of WWII, were not invited to compete. The Soviet Union, though invited, declined to participate.   1952 Helsinki Olympics The XV Olympiad in Helsinki, Finland saw the addition of the Soviet Union,  Israel, and the Peoples Republic of China to countries competing.  The Soviets set up their own Olympic Village for Eastern Bloc athletes and a feeling of east versus west mentality permeated the atmosphere of these Games.   1956 Melbourne Olympics These games were held in November and December as the first Games to take place in the Southern Hemisphere. Egypt, Iraq, and Lebanon protest the Games because of Israels invasion of Egypt and the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland boycotted because of the Soviet Unions invasion of Budapest, Hungary.   1960 Rome Olympics The XVII Olympiad in Rome returned the Games to their origin country for the first time in over 50 years due to the relocation of the 1908 Games. It was also the first time the Games were fully televised and the first time the Olympic Anthem was used. This was the last time South Africa was allowed to compete for 32 years (until apartheid ended).   1964 Tokyo Olympics The  XVIII Olympiad marked the first use of computers to keep results of competitions and the first games South Africa was barred from for its racist policy of apartheid.  5,000 athletes competed from 93 countries.  Indonesia and  North Korea did not participate.   1968 Mexico City The Games of the XIX Olympiad were marred by political unrest. 10 days before the Opening Ceremony,  the Mexican army shot over 1,000 student protestors, killing 267 of them. The Games continued with little comment on the issue, and during an award ceremony for winning Gold and Bronze for the 200-meter race, two U.S. athletes raised a single black-gloved hand in salute to the Black Power movement, resulting in being barred from the Games.   1972 Munich Olympics The XX Olympiad is most remembered for the Palestinian terrorist attack that resulted in the death of 11 Israeli athletes. Despite this, the Opening Ceremonies continued a day later than scheduled and 7,000 athletes from 122 countries competed.   1976 Montreal Olympics 26 African countries boycotted the XXI Olympiad due to New Zealand playing independent rugby games against still-apartheid South Africa in the years leading up to the 1976 Games.  Accusations (mostly unproven) were waged against several athletes suspected of using anabolic steroids to enhance performance. 6,000 athletes competed representing only 88 countries.   1980 Moscow Olympics The XXII Olympiad marks the first and only Games to take place in Eastern Europe.  65 countries boycotted the games due to the Soviet Unions war in Afghanistan.  An Olympic Boycott Games known as the Liberty Bell Classic was held at the same time in Philadelphia to host competitors from those countries who boycotted.   1984 Los Angeles Olympics In response to the United States boycott of the 1980 Moscow Games, the Soviet Union and 13  other countries boycotted the Los Angeles-based XXIII Olympiad.  These Games also saw the return of China for the first time since 1952.   1988 Seoul Olympics Angered that the IOC did not nominate them to co-host the Games of the XXIV Olympiad, North Korea attempted to rally countries in a boycott but only succeeded in convincing allies  Ethiopia, Cuba, and Nicaragua. These Games marked a return to their international popularity. 159 countries competed, represented by 8,391 athletes.   1992 Barcelona Olympics Because of a ruling in 1994 by the IOC to make the Olympic Games (including Winter Games) occur in alternating even-numbered years, this was the last year both Summer and Winter Olympic Games took place in the same year.  It was also the first since 1972 to be unaffected by boycotts.  9,365 athletes competed, representing 169 countries. Nations of the former Soviet Union joined under The Unified  Team consisting of 12 of the former 15 republics.   1996 Atlanta Olympics The XXVI Olympiad marked the centennial of the Games founding in 1896.  was the first to occur without government support, which led to a commercialization of the Games. A pipe bomb that exploded in  Atlantas Olympic Park killed two people, but motive and perpetrator were never determined. A record 197 countries and 10,320 athletes competed.   2000 Sydney Olympics Praised as one of the best games in Olympic history, the XXVII Olympiad played host to 199 countries and was relatively unaffected by the controversy of any type.  The United States earned the most medals, followed by Russia, China, and Australia.   2004 Athens Olympics Security and terrorism were at the center of preparation for the XXVIII Olympiad in Athens, Greece due to the rising international conflict in the wake of the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001.  These Games saw the rise of Michael Phelps, who earned 6 gold medals in swimming events.   2008 Beijing Olympics Despite protests for host Chinas actions in Tibet, the XXIX Olympiad continued as planned. 43 world and 132 Olympic records were set by 10,942 athletes representing 302 National Olympics Committees (countries organized into one represented team). Of those who competed in the Games, an impressive 86 countries medaled (earned at least one medal) at these Games.   2012 London Olympics Becoming the hosts with the most, Londons XXX Olympiad marked the most times a single city has hosted the Games (1908, 1948 and 2012).  Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time with additions from the year totaling 22 career Olympic medals. The United States earned the most medals, with China and Great Britain taking second and third place.   2016 Rio De Janeiro Olympics The XXXI Olympiad marked the first competition for new entrants  South Sudan, Kosovo, and the Refugee Olympic Team.  Rio is the first South American country to host the Olympic Games.  Instability of the countrys government, pollution of its bay, and a Russian doping scandal-marred preparation for the Games. The United States earned its 1,000th Olympic medal during these games and earned the most of the XXIV Olympiad, followed by Great Britain and China. Brazil finished 7th overall. 2020 Tokyo Olympics The IOC awarded Tokyo, Japan the XXXII Olympiad on September 7, 2013. Istanbul and Madrid were also up for candidacy. The games are scheduled to begin July 24 and end August 9, 2020.

The Change of Polynesian Islands Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Change of Polynesian Islands - Essay Example This essay primarily concerns about changes of the inhabitants of Polynesia Islands. It looks into who and how the changes affected tradition of Polynesians. Here in, are reasons for construction of a naval base at Pearl Harbor. The lifestyle of people in Polynesia In Polynesia Islands, the inhabitants held in their tradition and customary beliefs, which according to them were sacred and involved principles of the olden days. Polynesians lived as a family, as their community was a centered type. Community centered refers to a community where people live as one exhibiting cordial relations. The reason for referring Polynesians as people of a self-centered culture is that they aimed at ensuring the survival of all people living in these islands (specifically, all Polynesians) (Craig 6). Moreover, the best way of surviving was through a proper utilization of the available resources. Proper allocation of the resources necessitated a good stay. Living by strictly observing the cultural norms was very crucial especially in various distinct places within the Polynesian islands, as it helped them be strong. How Polynesians lived Polynesians had very little knowledge regarding modern ways of living. This denotes the reason why they only believed in the tradition of Polynesia. According to Polynesia French Country Study Guide (53), Polynesians lived differently according to how they would adapt to the conditions of an island. Polynesia Islands’ navigators made use of the oral traditions to spot routing ways. Moving from one island to another was by water machinery available and personally made by Polynesians. Polynesian navigators had unique ways of locating the direction of where they need to sail. Primarily, locating sites was through recollection of essential information including moving of particular stars, knowledge about the horizon, the weather (which depicted the best time to travel, by having a concern about the change in clouds) (Lockard 92). To ensure security during their travel, navigators never revealed how they managed to sail from one region to another. Interventio n of Polynesia islandsby western imperialists Imperialist are people who enact force when invading a region of their interest. They believe that ability to manage the inhabitants of a region is by changing the constitution of the region. Managing individuals was through knowledge of the rules and morals set by their forefathers. Western imperialists grew interest in changing perception of the Polynesian inhabitants concerning their tradition. Purposely, Western people invented Polynesian islands with an aim of improving the economy and obtaining more territories useful during oncoming World War II (Lockard 706). However, the change was not as easy as the Westerns expected. This was because Polynesians never believed of evading their traditions, as they were a guideline to their way of living. Adopting modern culture meant that they accepted the western way of ruling. They would then become part of colonized cities of the Western imperialists. The strategy used by westerners to pursu e their economic benefit The western people have unique strategies of acquiring territories of their desire. They planned on what strategy to use on various states depending on the strength of those states. For instance, an increase in the provisions of a particular region attracts westerners, because it portrays the economic strength of that region (Lockard 853). By acquiring more land, westerners turn the inhabitants into slaves working on their lands. This helped in ensuring that cultivation was at the preferable time. The output is useful for trading

The Importance of Social Justice in Education Essay

The Importance of Social Justice in Education - Essay Example This paper illustrates that scholars have attempted to describe the phenomena in light of factors like political orientation, religious background, and political and social philosophy. However, in the modern society, social justice is the acknowledged as the ideas of ‘equal’ justice and opportunity for every member of the society transcending beyond a courtroom or the judiciary. It involves providing an equal footing to everyone in all the social strata existing, from the very rich to those below the poverty line. The idea of social justice, while hailed by many supporters as the only moral way to run a society is almost impossible to implement in its pure form as many different factors come into play in deciding the life quality of an individual in a society and controlling all them is not only difficult but leads to further debates about the ethical implications of said control. There are two opposing political stances on the issue. The leftist stance which shares some traits with socialism supports the idea of government involvement to ensure social justice through control of the resources present in the society and equal distribution through legislation pertaining to taxation and programs to help to less privileged. Social justice should mean that basic necessities like food, shelter, and education are provided to all at the expense of the privileged few. The right-wing school of thought accepts the idea of social justice but doesn’t support existing government legislation as no one should be ‘forced’ to provide equal opportunity for others- it should be fostered instead by mutual consent and philanthropic response. Healthcare, employment, education, shelter and child protection are just some of the sectors where there is a lot of pressure to ensure social justice as an economy and society can potentially benefit from a healthy and informed population equally provided with all the resources and the prospect to grow and stren gthen. While social justice aims to uphold basic human rights on the basis of a moral and ethical obligation, there is no denying that social justice can also be thought of a practical solution to boost an economy or general profitability of a nation; this may not be one of the more humane reasoning behind the system but it is a rational one. One of the areas which has benefitted from this school of thought is education, where there has been significant movement to ensure some degree of social justice as a well-educated population is a necessary asset to ensure a competitive edge of any nation in terms of technological advances and improved sectors of military, services, sustenance, resource management, and others. It is also necessary as education is one of the major equating factors which decrease the divide existing in a society and the effects trickle down into other areas, effectively impacting lifestyles and a greater possibility of social justice. Education is also one of the tools through which tolerance is spread in society; as shared knowledge and enlightened minds are much more accepting of diversity and merging cultures. By providing the same learning environment, resources and opportunities for higher learning to children coming from different backgrounds, societies have a much better chance of getting rid of negative social developments like racial and sexual discriminations and prejudices. Thereby creating a more equal and collaborative economy which will have an impact on overall productivity as well as social well being of the population.  

The Laramie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Laramie - Essay Example in which religion puts people apart in the play as paradoxically as it is through judgment and the feelings when he questions if his priest and father are right about their arguments against homosexuality. The questioning raises the difference between reality and religion as well as the statement of not giving the organized religion permission of the contents of the said character (Kaufman 21). Evident from the text is the ability to differentiate between religion and spirituality. The idea of well-established religion as well as that of orthodoxy as shown in a way that practices the singular notion of the best. Such traits are depicted by Reverend Phelps when he tries to make the matter of homosexuality be the one who questions whether ones allegiance to his God as it creates a setting that looks to separate individuals from "us or them" situation (Kaufman 32).  Moreover, such also is the same as it discourages the Muslim woman in the play as it awakens the social status of some townspeople simply because of the cultural traditions.   At such point, also, one can get the difference such regards the approach that separates individuals from religion does not represent all the established religions when Matts funeral is held in a Catholic church, the time where establishment of religion does look to bring people collectively. Moreover,  there are also other religions, which cannot really be ready for them to accept fully homosexuality, and as well as its implications on the clergy, given so they cannot respond in the way of Reverend Phelps.   The play makes the greatest statement on religious views of love together with compassion by the individuals as it is seen in the play.   Those who live in the town like Jedidiah work extra hard to reconcile the meaning being loyal to the town, and they also commit themselves to the fraternity by accepting all individuals living there. Romaine Patterson also willingness to remove the perception of "angels" 23 is a good

Identification of unknown soil bacteria

Identification of unknown soil bacteria INTRODUCTION Microorganisms play an extremely important role in soil ecology. Soil bacteria break down organic matter into simpler compounds (Clark). Bacteria in the soil play important roles in different biochemical cycles such as the carbon cycle (Clark). Decomposition is another important role that different bacteria take part in. Without bacteria the ecology of soil would be completely disrupted. The nutrient requirements that different bacteria need to survive decide where each bacteria can be found. Agricultural soil would have a completely different array of microorganisms then soil found in a forest would have. Different conditions such as moisture, nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, temperature and pH of the soil will all determine which types of bacteria will live in thrive in agricultural and forest soil. The objective of this experiment was to try to isolate and identify one specific soil bacteria from either forest or agricultural soil. The bacteria in this report was isolat ed from agricultural soil and using the morphology of the individual cells and colony along the types of chemicals that would react with the bacteria along with what type of extremes the bacteria could survive in the bacteria was identified. METHODS Starting from an original one gram sample of agricultural soil a 10-2 dilution was created and used to create a Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) streak plate (Robertson and Egger 2010). The cultures that arose from the streak plate were observed and the morphology of a specific colony was described and recorded (Egger 2010). A subculture was created from one colony on a new TSA streak plate. A gram stain was prepared using the original colony of soil bacteria and whether it was gram negative or gram positive was recorded (Robertson and Egger 2010). Using the new subculture several biochemical tests were performed. A single line of bacteria was streaked onto a starch agar plate and after incubation drops of iodine were added to the culture and if starch is hydrolyzed a color change occurred, results were recorded (Robertson and Egger 2010). On a Sulfide, Indole, and Motility (SIM) deep the bacteria isolate was stabbed into the tube  ¾ of the way down (Robertson and Egger 2010). After incubati on the deep was observed for movement away from the original line and three drops of Kovacs Reagent was added to see if a color change occurred (Robertson and Egger 2010). The results of the motility and H2S reduction tests were recorded. The bacteria isolate was also mixed in a peptone broth tube and after incubation a drop of Nesslers reagent and the loop of broth solution were mixed in a spot plate and the results were recorded (Robertson and Egger 2010). A loop of bacteria was put into ammonium sulfate and nitrite broth tubes. In a spot plate on loop of the ammonium sulfate broth was mixed with 1 drop of Nesslers reagent and another loop was mixed with three drops of Trommsdorfs reagent and a drop of dilute H2SO4 (Robertson and Egger 2010). Also in the spot plate the nitrite broth was tested with Trommsdorfs reagent and dilute H2SO4 as well as with concentrated H2SO4 and phenylamine (Robertson and Egger 2010). The results for the four tests were recorded. To test for denitrifica tion reagents A and B were added to the nitrate broth tube with the unknown bacteria and the color change of the tube was recorded (Robertson and Egger 2010). The unknown isolate was inoculated in a tube of thioglycollate medium and after incubation any growth in the tube was noted and recorded (Robertson and Egger 2010). To test the bacteria for catalase and oxidase bacteria was streaked on a TSA plate and after incubation drops of 3% hydrogen peroxide was put on one end of the streak and the formation or lack of bubbles was recorded for catalase, and oxidase was tested on the opposite end of the streak and the results were noted (Robertson and Egger 2010). To test what temperature the unknown bacteria grow best at 4 TSA plates were streaked with the bacteria and each plate was incubated at a different temperature, after incubation any growth on the plates was recorded (Robertson and Egger 2010). To test the optimal pH for the bacteria to grow the bacteria was inoculated into tubes that were each at a different pH (pH 3, 5, 7, 9) after incubation the pH that the bacteria grew the best in was recorded (Robertson and Egger 2010). TSA plates were also streaked with the unknown bacteria to test in what amount of sodium chloride it could grow in, plates with concentrations of 0,0.5, 2 and 5% sodium chloride were used any growth was recorded (Robertson and Egger 2010). RESULTS The unknown bacterium is rod shaped and gram positive and the colony formed is a raised white circle (Table 1). Tests showed that the bacterium was positive for ammonification and denitrification from NO3- to NO2- (Table 1). Catalase and oxidase test also were positive for this bacteria (Table 1). The bacterium is also a facultative anaerobe (Table 1). Table 1 also shows that the unknown bacterium does not exhibit motility. The unknown bacteria was found to hydrolyze starch, but was negative for reducing H2S (Table 1). The unknown bacterium also does not exhibit nitrification (Table 1). The optimal temperature of the unknown bacteria was found to be about 37 °C and had an optimal pH of 5 its optimal salt concentrations was also found to be at 0-0.5% sodium chloride (Table 1). DISCUSSION The soil bacteria key created by KN Egger (2010) was used to identify what family the unknown bacteria belongs to. The closest match that could be found using the Common Soil Bacteria Key was Actinomyces. A match could not be made to a genus. Actinomyce are a Gram positive, rod shaped family. Actinomyces are not found to reduce H2S or have significant motility. From the results in Table 1 we can conclude that the bacterium is a mesophile as well as an acidophile. We can also conclude from Table 1 that the bacterium is osmotolerant and a facultative anaerobe. Many different tests could have been used to further help identify the bacterial isolate; the most accurate tests would have been to test the DNA or nucleic acids of the bacteria. Many different biochemical tests could have been used such as lactose and glucose. No test result can be considered completely accurate the bacteria could have been contaminated as well as not every bacteria colony will behave exactly the same. It is ex tremely hard to classify a specific bacterium without several more tests to safely conclude that it belongs in the chosen group Actinomyces. REFERENCES Clark, FE. 1951. Bacteria in the Soil. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 7:78-80. Egger, KN. 2010. Common Soil Bacteria Key. UNBC Robertson, S and Egger, K. 2010. BIOL 203 Microbiology Laboratory Manual. UNBC.

Elizabeth Gaskells Ruth as a Victim of Circumstance :: Elizabeth Gaskell Ruth Essays

Elizabeth Gaskell's Ruth as a Victim of Circumstance When her parents die when she is still very young, innocent Ruth Hilton is sent to the city by the guardian she does not know. In the city she is to learn the trade very common for young girls during this time, that of the seamstress (Ugoretz), but events take a drastic turn when she becomes noble Mr Bellingham's mistress. Only 16 years old, Ruth is thrown into the for her unknown adult world and in this world, she cannot separate right from wrong and is thus considered to be a sinner. However, life is never simple and straightforward and in this essay, I discuss the moral aspects of the novel to decide if Ruth really is a bad person. What do we know about Ruth? Well, she seems to be very innocent and not at all aware of Bellingham's intentions, maybe due to the fact that she was left an orphan at such early an age. Like in most literature of this era, descriptions of sexuality are left out and the only way we find out that Ruth and Bellingham have a sexual relationship (although of course we guess that this is the case) is when we are told that Ruth is pregnant, but we are never told whether she knows how this baby was conceived. My guess is that she had never been told about sexuality and knew little about marriage, else a religious and piteous girl like her would never have been this blind to what she was doing. She knows that her relationship with Bellingham make other people talk, but she does not seem to understand why. She could not have known how wrong it was and that this really is the case is confirmed by Ruth herself: "I was very young; I did not know how such a life was against God's pure and holy will - at least not as I know it now" (p 246). When she learns that she is expecting a child, her only wish is to make this child grow up to be good and religious. She promises God that she will try only to do good deeds to make up for her sins, a promise she keeps during the rest of her life. The real hero in this novel is the Dissenter minister Mr Benson, who feels for Ruth and wants to protect her.

Portrayal of Teenage Girls in the Media

In the United States of America, citizens possess the privilege to enjoy the freedom of speech and the freedom to express their views and feelings under the protection of the U. S. Constitution. However, there may be a point at which freedom of speech is abused or escalated to an unethical level that may be harmful to the well-being of society, particularly the youth of today and the future leaders of our world. Over the years, the question â€Å"should parents be concerned about the portrayal of teenage girls in the media? † has become a significant controversial moral issue in society.The portrayal of teenage girls in the media is a controversial moral issue because of the cultural sensitivity and the perceived intrusiveness of the subject. This issue primarily concerns the excessiveness of sexual content and unbecoming images of young women exposed through the media. Needless to say, this question leaves many parents ill at ease. Images, perceived norms and new trends are c onsistently being set for how young girls and women must look, act, think, and feel in order to be successful and accepted in today’s society.There has been an ongoing debate concerning moral actions that need to be taken to regulate the appropriateness of age sensitive material being permeated throughout the media. Media is everywhere; it is in classrooms, advertisements, movies, televisions, magazines, newspapers, the internet, the workplace, and in homes all over the country, and it continues to infuse the world and our lives. Media does not only sell tangible products, but also morals, values, concepts of life, and success, and to some extent normalcy (Killing Us Softly 3).Whether positive or negative, consciously or unconsciously, media affects each and every one of us every day. Young girls are being exposed to a supposed ‘ideal’ image of female beauty through the years of media exposure. For example, the notion that the most important thing to a young woma n should be her physical appearance is an idea that is acquired at a very young age. Even before a girl reaches puberty, she is already aware of her physical appearance and the effect it has on her stand in society. Extreme and unhealthy amounts of guilt and shame can follow if the young woman does not achieve that perception (Killing Us Softly 3).Many people in America’s society believe that the media’s unethical behavior is to blame for influencing and even producing some of the nation’s growing problems among teens, such as eating disorders, increased participation in sexual activity, pregnancy rates, rape, increased alcohol consumption and drug use. Others, however, feel that society should not blame the media for the inappropriate behavior and that lack of discipline and morals among teens in today’s society, but rather blame the parents and educators who influence and guide those teens.The majority of parents hold the media responsible for the corru ption of the morals of teenage girls. They believe that the media’s widely unrealistic and unhealthy depiction of young women and what they are supposed to look and behave like in order to be socially accepted and respected has allowed and encouraged teenage girls to become overly consumed in achieving this supposed ideal. Sadly, it has left many girls confused, in danger, or even dead.Supporters of this position argue that â€Å"the mainstream corporate media construct sex and sexuality in ways that limit and hamper girls’ healthy sexual development† (Durham 12). They trust that there is more evidence that the messages teenage girls are getting about sex from media are harmful rather than helpful (12). Intervention began to be a growing demand from the public audience. One potential resolution to this moral issue is to continue revising and producing television and movie ratings that are current, relevant, and constructive to the current images spread through t he media.For example, a ban on commercials and advertisements that objectify women and promote sexual behavior would be effective to alleviate these unethical teen images. The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) ratings and the TV Parental Guidelines (a TV ratings system designed to give parents more information about the content and age-appropriateness of TV programs) (â€Å"TV†) can be used â€Å"to allow parents to block out programs they do not want their children to see, based on the ratings† (â€Å"TV†) and other personal preferences.These types of sources support and encourage media restrictions and the facilitation of providing cleaner and more appropriate television for children. Promoting a more realistic and healthy body image, lifestyle, and attitude for today’s young women through public service announcements is another form of media that advocates healthy teen behavior. According to supporters of such sources, consumer advocacy and action is a principal task in resolving this problem.People have the power to critique, analyze, challenge, and affirm media messages, and also have the option of turning off, boycotting, and disengaging from media that denigrate or insult girls (Durham 227). Just as producers have the right to produce and distribute these messages, the public audience has the right to question and challenge them. It is both the responsibility and obligation of the American society and the government to ensure a safer, healthier, more promising nation for girls to develop and grow without negative imagery, or false and fabricated ideals being fed to them through media.Nonetheless, these potential resolutions to limiting the indecent exposure of teenage girls in the media predictably stir up opposition. Some people believe that society should not blame the media for the inappropriate behavior and lack of discipline and morals among teens in today’s society, but rather the parents and educators who influence and guide those teens. Also, they argue that not all media is bad media, and consider the idea that adults are biased against teens.They believe that those who oppose their belief have over exaggerated the media’s impact on today’s youth, claiming that â€Å"seeing attractive models [has] become such a familiar experience that exposure no longer produces a reaction strong enough to influence self-perception or ones general sense of hope† (Wagner 120). Meaning, that girls have become desensitized to this kind of imagery that does not psychology affect them as much as some would like to believe.After analyzing and being influenced by both sides of the argument, the leading proposed solution to me would be to alter the ideal image of female beauty and appeal disseminated by the media, then to extensively promote and advertise an improved, healthier, beautiful, and more realistic idea of female beauty. The media’s negative imagery has had an im pact on the majority of today’s youth and is noticeably a serious problem. This impact has infected the minds of young growing girls with unrealistic and dangerous notions of perfection and lifestyle, clearly leaving parents concerned.America’s teenage generation is disregarding moral values and the practice of self-respect, faith, self awareness and the embracing of childhood experiences, and rather engaging in activities involving immoral behavior which are simply not age-appropriate. Although who can blame them, since this type of behavior has become socially acceptable due to the media’s infiltration into America’s homes and spread of images and ideals focused rebellious behavior, sexual active, parental defiance, and distorted imagery of beauty and health.The American society should take action as concerned citizens by voicing their opinions to society and demanding a decrease of the objectification and sexualization of females in the media. Addition ally, since advertising agencies are not going to immediately rid themselves of the negative unethical habits with regard to female imagery in the media, continuing to produce and broadcast understandable and accurate ratings on all television programs, movies and even advertisements is an effective way to inform parents about what their children are watching and being influenced by.Many young girls worry about the contours of their bodies, especially shape, size, and even muscle tone, because of the belief that the body is the ultimate expression of the self and beauty (Durham 128). This kind of mentality can cause long-term physical and mental damage and can push young girls to dangerous limits. Communities should promote extracurricular programs that help young people develop self-esteem based on traits such as ability, talents, character, and academics, rather than simply physical appearance.The need to replace sexualized images with positive images of females endorsing notions other than physical beauty is vital. The goal should be to deliver messages to all adolescents, boys and girls, which lead to healthy, safe and realistic development. Our government has an obligation to protect its citizens from harmful and dangerous things; ultimately, these things are under the government’s control. The negative influences generated by media on young girls should be taken into consideration and should be diminished, even if that means comprising the few positives.This lasting controversy is clearly a conflict between the values of health, safety, self-esteem, and ethical choices of teenage girls on one side, and the support of logical evidence and standpoints and the parental supervision aspect on the other. While promoting positive messages to youth through the media is the ultimate plan and goal for supporting the change in images presented by the young girls about young girls, every solution can back fire.Some may believe that attempting to transform the media is a waste of time because these corporations behind it all will not bend easily since the obvious result and reason for a lack of good conscience is loss of profits and loss of the number one selling point, sex. However, if enough people take a stand and stop buying products with discriminating and insulting ad campaigns, turn off the television shows displaying high school students having sex and doing drugs, stop allowing their children to go see the movies that encourage and reward poor behavior among teens, then a demand will not go nnoticed. This may force those corporations responsible for the media to change this rising controversial moral problem and take us one step closer to having healthier, happier, growing young girls, rather than confused, pressured, unsatisfied, and vulnerable young teenage girls living everyday of their lives engulfed by an array of poor images and trying to live up to a image that is unhealthy, unsafe, unethical, or simply just doesn’ t exist.Works Cited Durham, Gigi. The Lolita Effect. New York: Overlook P, The, 2008. Killing Us Softly 3: Advertising's Image of Women. Dir. Sut Jhally. Perf. Jean Kilbourne. 2001. â€Å"TV Ratings. † The TV Parental Guidelines. 2008. 1 Nov. 2008 . Wagner, Viqi. Eating Disorders. New York: Greenhaven P, Incorporated, 2007.