Cobalt Complexes - 1451 Words

Cobalt Complexes Lab 4 Cobalt and its slew of complex children Abstract: Through a series of substitution reactions, different cobalt ammine complexes were created. These complexes were analyzed via, precipitation and gravimetric measures to determine that the substitution reactions that occurred. Introduction: Coordination chemistry is an important part of inorganic chemistry that involves the association and dissociation of ligands to a metal. The size, shape, and nucleophilic strength of a ligand will determine if a substitution reaction will potentially take place. Also, the charge, size, and oxidation state of the metal will determine how well substitution occurs. Associative substitution†¦show more content†¦Report Step 2: By adding the concentrated acid to carbonatotetraamminecobalt (III), carbonate was lost from the complex and released as carbon dioxide. This allowed for ammonia to take its place and also freed up a space for chloride ion to coordinate. This gave the complex an 18 electron count, stabilizing the compound. The compound was a redish purple color. The step was performed twice due to a small amount of product (1.7421 grams) the first time. This may be because of not getting the reaction hot enough the first time to avoid making aquopentammineco balt (III). The second time 3.4552 grams product was made, giving a total of 5.1973 grams for the two times the step was performed. Experimental Step 3: Preparation of Nitropentamminecobalt (III) Chloride [Co(NH3)5NO2]Cl2: 1.4983 grams of chloropentamminecobalt (III) chloride was added to 15 mL water and 5 mL of 6M NH3. The solution was warmed for about 10 minutes on and off a hot plate until the salt dissolved. The solution was then suction filtered to get rid of any remaining solid, then cooled and slightly acidified using dilute HCl. 1.9986 grams of Na NO2 was added and heated slightly to dissolve the initial red precipitate that formed. Again, the solution was cooled, and 20 mL of 12.1 M HCl was added. Bubbling occurred and yellow-brown crystals were formed. These crystals were filtered off and washed with ethylShow MoreRelatedCoordination Behavior Of New Bis1613 Words   |  7 Pagesreacted with copper(II), nickel(II), cobalt(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II) and dioxouranium(VI) ions, to yield binuclear complexes formulated as [(L)M2(OAc)2(H2O)n(EtOH)m]†¢xH2O†¢yEtOH where L = L1 or L2; M = Cu, Ni, Co, Z n or Cd; n = nil, 1 or 4; m, x and y = nil or 1, [(H2L2)Cd2(OAc)4(H2O)2]†¢EtOH, [(L)(UO2)2(OAc)2(H2O)2Y2]†¢nH2O where L = L1 or L2; Y = nil or H2O; n = 2.5 or 7, [(L3)M2(H2O)6]†¢nH2O where M = Cu or Zn; n = 1 or 6, [(L3)(UO2)2(H2O)4]†¢2.5H2O and dimeric complexes; [(L1)2Ni2]†¢3H2O and [(H2L3)2M2]†¢nH2ORead MoreLab Report on Le Chateliers Principle1363 Words   |  6 PagesI. Introduction: In this experiment, using Le Chatelier’s principle, we will observe several responses of a system at equilibrium to various changes in external conditions. The experiment aims to investigate two equilibrium systems: (a) cobalt complexes and (b) chromate-dichromate equilibrium and explain observations in light of the Le Chatelier’s principle. II. Theory/Concepts: In 1884 the French chemist and engineer Henry-Louis Le Chatelier proposed one of the central concepts of chemicalRead MoreLab Report on Le Chateliers Principle1372 Words   |  6 Pages1 I. Introduction: In this experiment, using Le Chatelier’s principle, we will observe several responses of a system at equilibrium to various changes in external conditions. The experiment aims to investigate two equilibrium systems: (a) cobalt complexes and (b) chromate-dichromate equilibrium and explain observations in light of the Le Chatelier’s principle. II. Theory/Concepts: In 1884 the French chemist and engineer Henry-Louis Le Chatelier proposed one of the central concepts of chemicalRead MoreThe Iron Mask Project Is Located At An Elevation Of M 425 M Above Mean Sea Level Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pagesthe central Hess and Moncrief Townships focused on base metals and uranium associated in Huronian Sediments and the Nippising Diabase. 1929: Iron Mask Cobalt Silver Mines Company A 120 m long cobaltite-bearing and intermittently exposed magnetite mineralized zone at a limestone-diabase contact was discovered. A US Geological Survey analysis of a cobalt mineralized sample reported 20.0% Co and 6.3% Ni. 1957-1959 Alcourt Mines Limited The company completed trenching and drilling of five holes (378 meters)Read MoreThe Exploration History Of The Mcara Property Provided Here Essay1283 Words   |  6 Pagessignificantly mineralized rocks (Willars, 1971). In 1982, perceived Witwatersrand-type gold deposit potential caused a major staking rush in the area, with exploration focused on conglomeratic units in the Paleoproterozoic Lorrain Formation of the Cobalt Group that forms the upper part of the Huronian Supergroup. Exploration was unsuccessful and the claims were quickly abandoned. Mid-1980s: Falconbridge Nickel Falconbridge Nickel explored for base metal VMS deposits in the mid-1980s in the nearbyRead MoreTungto Cobalt Heteropoly Cell Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract Recently, we reported a completely new all tungsto-cobalt heteropoly acid redox flow battery (RFB) with a high coulombic efficiency and promising prospect. Because of the relatively large size and high negative charge, the tungsto-cobalt heteropoly acid anion is difficult to cross Nafion membrane, thus necessiating the need to employ thinner ion exchange membrane. In this study, the effects of the thickness of the membranes on the battery performance were investigated. Three types of NafionRead MoreStudy Of The Oxidation Of 35 Di Tert Butylcatechol1610 Words   |  7 Pagesconcentration and saturation kinetics in both 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol concentration and dioxygen pressure. The kinetic parameters have been determined using Michaelis-Menten approach. A mechanism has been suggested for the oxidation reaction. Keywords: Cobalt(II)porphyrin complex; oxidation; 3,5-di-tert-butyl- catechol; dioxygen oxygen; 3,5-di-tert-butylbenzoquinone. *Corresponding author. Tel.: +201008591157; fax: +20 403344352. E-mail address: saharelkhalfy@hotmail.com 1Read MoreTaking a Look at Coordinating Compounds886 Words   |  4 PagesCoordinating compounds, usually noted by their Indo-Aryan name ‘dvandva’. Coordination complexes were notable since the start of chemistry. The definition and border of the class of coordinating compounds involves two issues: initially, what a ‘compound’ is and how can we distinguish coordinative compounds from alternative multiword expressions; second, the understanding of what coordination is, and the way its to be distinguished from alternative, non-symmetrical relations (e.g. subordination)Read MoreChirality in Chemistry Essay806 Words   |  4 Pagesproperty is more common in determining weather metal complexes are chiral. Chiral metal complexes may be tetrahedral, trigonal bypyramidal, square planar or octahedral in shape. An eaxample of an octahedral chiral compound is the complex ion [ Cr(C2O4)]-3 . Cis-amminechlorobis (ethylenediamine) cobalt (2+), [Cr(edta)]- and [Ru(bipy)3]2+ are all examples of octahedral chiral compounds. The structure of these complexes would show that there is no centre of inversion orRead MoreCobalt (Ii) Oxygen Essay2726 Words   |  11 PagesCobalt(II) Oxygen adduct complex Inorganic 461 lab 2-29-2012 Abstract This experiment uses Co(salen) as a model compound illustrating the uptake of oxygen in hemoglobin. SalenH2 was prepared as the intermediate, and reacted with hydrated cobalt to prepare Co(salen). Using Co(salen) the oxygen up-take was tested. The synthesis of SalenH2 produced 0.65 g. The percent yield of salenH2 was 116% on the filter paper and 105% after transferring salenH2 to a vial. The melting point of salenH2, was

My Little Son And My Beloved By Morris Rosenfeld - 928 Words

Since a poem is often less than a standard page in length, it is useful to consider similar poems to each other in order to locate a textual echo. The poems â€Å"My Little Son† and â€Å"To my Beloved†by Morris Rosenfeld both echo themes of struggling familial structure due to the stress and time devoted to working. In all three of these poems the protagonist is conflicted between the amount of work he has to do in order to support his family, and the lack of time he is actually getting to spend with his family. The amount of work and use of modern technology greatly impacts the family structure of the immigrants in these poems, and requires them to make great sacrifices as they are forced to choose between being productive at work and having a good relationship with their family. This tough decision will greatly effect both the immigrant worker and the rest of his family as the author tries to communicate the difficulty of working so hard and such long hours in immi grant America. The tension between time spent at work and time spent with family is clear in both of Rosenfeld’s poems, as well as the adverse effect that working long hours has on relationships. In â€Å"To My Beloved† the speaker has worker is too busy working and has â€Å"hired out my arms and hands,† and therefore is not able to embrace his beloved who has come to see him while at work (Rosenfeld 27). The speaker exclaims that â€Å"here I may not embrace you—no,† to his significant other, and instead encourages her to â€Å"come to

Auditing Theory and Practice Auditing and Assurance Services

Question: Discuss about theAuditing Theory and Practicefor Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Answers: Introduction The auditing is considered as a methodology that helps to verify the various accounts of an organization. As per Messier (2016), the auditors generally take the responsibility to plan and perform the auditing procedure by the process of complying the necessary rules, policies, doctrines and regulations of the GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). According to Coad et al. (2016), the auditors usually issue two different types of audit reports and these include unqualified and qualified reports of audit after the performance of the audit procedure of a firm. The viewpoint of a qualified auditor indicates that the extent of a provided accounting as well as financial information is limited. Moreover, it can be said that the particular organization has not been compiled with the principles of the GAAP efficiently. On the other hand, it has been found that the unqualified kind of audit report presents the financial and accounting records of a firm with appropriateness. Thus, it is important for the auditors to maintain the varied factors during performance of the audit operations. At first, the auditors should uphold their simplicity at the time of evaluation of the fiscal declarations. Secondly, it is an important factor for the auditors to consider the various factors related to the monetary situation of the organization into an account. The reason behind this is that it might affect the decisions of banks regarding their investments; moreover, this might also affect the decisions of investors and financial institutions. On the basis of the case study, it can be said that the particular report on auditing was unqualified, especially after the duration 30th of June of the year 2012. The audit report of the King Queen audit firm implies that the Impulse Pty Limited had an effective operation during auditing. It has been noted that the particular firm was suffering due to extreme problem of liquidity, as the firms inventory turnover and the turnover of debtors were poor. Based on this it can be said that the particular firm had lesser amount of liquid assets (Broberg, Umans and Gerlofstig 2013). The King Queens auditor were aware of the matter but sufficient priority should also be provided to it. Therefore, effective measures have not been used for gauging accurate asset values. Additionally, the supplementary procedure that is generally required for ascertaining the inventory valuations and debtors of the firm have also not been considered here. On the basis of unqualified report of audit, the firm Easy Finance Limited (EFL) has granted huge quantity of loan to the Impulse, while the report portrays the firms effective liquidity condition. Nevertheless, it has been found that in the year 2012, the liquidity situation of the particular organization dropped down and the EFL suffers for recovering the loan amount that has been provided. This denotes the negligence of the auditors responsibility case, where the auditor failed to take the important factors regarding the fiscal situation of the firm into account; especially those provide issues in order to recover the total amount of loan. Some of the identical cases are as follows: Firstly, as per the result of the case Hedley Byrne and Co Ltd v Heller and Partners (1964) AC 465, the report of the auditors might influence the process of making decision directly. Thus, here the negligence of the auditors has been found to affect the audited party notably. Secondly, a case named Law Society vs. KPMG Peat Marwick and Others; CHD 3 NOV, 1999 has been considered and from this it has been found that the auditors of the auditing firm consider that the compensation fund as well as the community depend on the decisions of the auditors. Moreover, it has been noted that the auditors negligence delays the process of discovering the accounting malpractices and this has increased the expense. Thus, on the basis of the depicted factors, the auditors are considered responsible for ignoring their professional responsibility (Kogan et al. 2014). Therefore, based on above two cases, it can be said that negligence in the professional responsibility might be considered as a serious offence for an auditor and thus, the organization King Queen is considered as answerable to EFL. As per the rules and regulations of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, it has been determined that the audited party as well as the auditor requires maintaining confidentiality. Thus, as per the policy of confidentiality, an auditor is incapable to unveil any kind of information that is associated with the auditing of a firm. In addition to these, it has been found that in certain cases, the auditors are not able to disclose any kind of information that is associated with the third partys internal audit.Opined to the given case study, it can be said that there are two scopes firstly, a particular circumstance where an auditor is capable to divulge the information related to the internal audit of a third party. Moreover, the process of making decision regarding the investment is very dependent on the auditors report. Thus, the company King Queen is considered as accountable to the EFL. The reason behind this is that the earlier was trained to divulge the internal situatio n of the firm to the investors, financial institutions and banks (Porter, Simon and Hatherly 2014). In addition to this, based on the detailed study, it can be said that the given case on the firm King Queen has not revealed any type of information that is related to any financials to the third party and this has helped the firm to deduce its total quantity of liability to the EFL. The reason behind this is that it might violate the regulations and rules of GAAP regarding the disclosure of any financial information related to internal auditing. Therefore, the liability of the audit firm King Queen towards the EFL has been reduced and this has resulted into two different kinds of situations, where the answer might differ on the basis of the permission of the audited third party. According to Vasarhelyi et al. (2012), the independence of the auditor is referred to the particular independence that is provided to the external or internal auditors of the firm from the perspectives of all those parties who are associated with the businesss financial interest. The sovereignty of the companys auditor might be characterized by the help of integrity as well as objective approach to the procedures of auditing. This serves the approach of auditing to the procedure of auditing and this is featured by the help of integrity. Moreover, it can be said that the concept regarding independence needs the auditors for carrying their work in a purpose way. Authentic Independence Opined to Wang et al. (2013), the actual independence is termed as real independence. This is considered as the mind independence. Moreover, this is regarded as the ways by which the auditors deal with the particular circumstances. In addition to this, it identifies the auditors ability to consider the independent decisions when these are kept in a negotiation situation on the portion of the companys directors. Additionally, the mental attitude as well as the personal integrity of an auditor helps him to identify if the auditors are genuinely independent or not. The auditors decision regarding the fiscal declarations of the firm is priced by the method of maintaining the standard of the real independence. Distinguished Independence The auditors perception in the field of solving and tackling the issues that are related to the process of auditing is considered as the perceived independence. It can be said that the auditors might make utilization of various perceptions in order to resolve the issues that might assist to get an optimal solution. Moreover, the judgment of the apparent independence might not be done with the help of utilization of any specific procedure as the concept generally differs from one auditor to another. Therefore, it can be said that there is a high probability that might lead to cause material misstatements at the duration when the asset valuation of a particular firm is conducted (Hayes, Wallage and Gortemaker 2014). As all the arrangements are considered in a various way by which the users have various perceptions and due to this, the professional judgment requires to come to the front. Moreover, the auditors especially who face various troubles regarding the perceived independence are required to count the materiality. This is chiefly considered as the independence of the companys auditors by the third parties and from the viewpoint off the customers who participate in the arrangement of the procedure of auditing. As per the provided case study, it can be said that in the first case, Bob performs two tasks simultaneously. Therefore, at the time of studies in the University, Bob worked as an audit assistant in an organization named Club Casino. Therefore, he requires to finish the assignment of the university and during the period of conducting audit, Bob obtained various financial information that helps to serve assistance during the completion of the assignment. It has been found that in this case, Bob used the companys internal information for his personal cause. Thus, it can be said that Bob breached the principle of confidentiality. Moreover, he breached the principle of integrity and as an auditor himself; he should maintain both the confidentiality and integrity at the time of conducting the process of auditing. In addition, Bob should keep the confidentiality of the data and information, as he is an auditor and should not disclose it or utilize all the fiscal information for his persona l cause without the permission of the authority. The second case is regarding the company Ace Limited, whose audit partner is Wendy. It has been found that in the absence of company secretary, Wendy performed all the duties of a company secretary for long six months. The particular organization should run its business as per the rules and regulations, but it breached the rules of GAAP (Eilifsen et al. 2013). The reason behind this is that as per GAAP, the audit partner of a firm cannot carry out any responsibility of a member of board of directors. Thus, this act is considered as a chief offence in the profession of auditing. Thus, it can be suggested that Wendy should put his resignation from the position of company secretary. As per the third case, Leo is the eldest son of a factory labor. During vacation, he was assigned to the factory Precision Machinery Limited as an internal auditor. In addition to this, more responsibilities were assigned to him and these include payment of cash systems and internal control testing that are related to the operations of the firm (Porter, Simon and Hatherly 2014). Therefore, it can be said that this has resulted into breach of rules regarding auditing, as acquaintances of any employee of a firm cannot be assigned as an audit partner of the similar institution. However, there are mainly two measures by implementing which breach of rules can be protected. These include Leo should give resignation from the position of internal audit or his father should resign from his designation. Thus, by adopting any one of the alternatives, the particular organization will be able to comply its operations with the procedures and regulations of audit. According to the fourth case, Classic Reproduction Pty Limited has Chan Associates as auditors. Since the firm has failed in settlement with Chan Associates regarding its fees (past 3 years), the company has passed through various financial difficulties. Thus, for settling off the dues, the firm has served with various furniture i.e. value 50 % of the exceptional fees of Chan Associates. Additionally, latter obtained 25% of the total shares of unconnected listed organization for recovering the left out part of the fees from the organization Classic Reproduction Pty Limited. As per rules of auditing, auditors cannot admit bribes as a substitution of their fees and cannot accept any shares from unlisted firms and it indicates breach of principle (Arens, Elder and Beasley 2012). Thus, Chan Associates are needed to return all furniture that they have taken and also the shares achieved from Classic Reproduction Pty Limited. References Arens, A.A., Elder, R.J. and Beasley, M.S., 2012.Auditing and assurance services: an integrated approach. Prentice Hall. Broberg, P., Umans, T. and Gerlofstig, C., 2013. Balance between auditing and marketing: An explorative study.Journal of international accounting, auditing and taxation,22(1), pp.57-70. Coad, A., Coad, A., Jack, L., Jack, L., Kholeif, A. and Kholeif, A., 2016. Strong structuration theory in accounting research.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,29(7), pp.1138-1144. Eilifsen, A., Messier, W.F., Glover, S.M. and Prawitt, D.F., 2013.Auditing and assurance services. McGraw-Hill. Hayes, R., Wallage, P. and Gortemaker, H., 2014.Principles of auditing: an introduction to international standards on auditing. Pearson Higher Ed. Kogan, A., Alles, M.G., Vasarhelyi, M.A. and Wu, J., 2014. Design and evaluation of a continuous data level auditing system.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,33(4), pp.221-245. Messier Jr, W., 2016.Auditing assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Porter, B., Simon, J. and Hatherly, D., 2014.Principles of external auditing. John Wiley Sons. Vasarhelyi, M.A., Alles, M., Kuenkaikaew, S. and Littley, J., 2012. The acceptance and adoption of continuous auditing by internal auditors: A micro analysis.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,13(3), pp.267-281. Wang, C., Chow, S.S., Wang, Q., Ren, K. and Lou, W., 2013. Privacy-preserving public auditing for secure cloud storage.IEEE Transactions on computers,62(2), pp.362-375.

Neanderthal Hybrid Essays - Human Evolution,

Neanderthal Hybrid Implications of Neanderthal-Homo Sapiens Hybrid by Abrigo do Lagar Velho. In a recent excavation at Abrigo do Lagar Velho in Portugal, Duarte et al (1999) unearthed what was later to be recognized as early human skeletal remains which pointed to interbreeding between Neanderthal and Modern Humans during the mid - upper Palaeolithic transition. The morphology of the remains, belonging to a child of approximately 3-4 years old, indicates a Neanderthal typology in post-cranial features, and more modern cranial features. The find has been cited as evidence of hybridization between the two traditionally separate human lines, and offers an explanation to the question of Neanderthal extinction. (Trinkaus 1999) Anthropologists are now offered a line of evidence pointing to the contemopranity of Moderns and Neanderthals in parts of Europe and assumptions can be made about their contact: "The discoverers...are making a ground-breaking claim, that the skeleton shows traces of both Neanderthal and modern human ancestry, evidence that modern humans did not simply extinguish the Neanderthals, as many researchers had come to think. Instead the two kinds of human were so alike that in Portugal, at least, they intermingled...for thousands of years." (Kunzig, 1999) By examining the theories of human evolution, and looking at the cultural evolution of tool technology as well as the biological transitions and differences between the two types of humans, we can see that this hybridization just might be the answer. Perhaps this find will be able to tell us what exactly did happen to the Neanderthals. Firstly, it is useful to have an overview of the different theories of human evolution, or I should say the two most widely accepted views as accepted by palaeo-anthropologists in the field. For some years now it has been the contention that the origins of modern humans stem from either a continuous evolution from archaic to modern humans in local regions from an earlier dispersal of Homo erectus, or conversely from modern humans evolved in Africa only which then dispersed to replace those hominids in said regions. These two theories are known as the Continuity or Regional model and the Replacement or Out of Africa model respectively. The fossil (skeletal) and cultural (technological) evidence thus far has pointed to convincing arguments on both sides, which proponents are quick to defend. Neanderthals can be distinguished from anatomically Modern Humans by the presence of prominent brow ridges, low forehead, occipital bun, facial prognathicism, large nasal aperture, and shorter, sturdier skeletal features most notably, distinguishing them from Moderns who were taller and had longer limbs, higher foreheads, lass prominent browridges and rounder skulls. It should be noted that the cranial capacities of both were comparable, with the Neanderthals being even slightly larger. (Klein: 1989) Many proponents of a regional theory claim that such morphological differences show a continuity and depending on how they are viewed can be seen as evidence of variation within a species, not distinct species. This would mean that the Neanderthal morphology developed as an adaptation to the colder glacial climate of Europe and elsewhere. (Wolpoff:1980) From a replacement standpoint however, these differences in morphology are too distinct to be variables on a theme and in conjunction with dates provides evidence supporting that view. (Mellars and Stringer:1989) Neanderthals occupied Europe and the Middle East during a time range usually agreed upon as ranging from roughly 130 kya - 35 kya to as recent as approx. 26kya. Modern populations are seen as early as 100kya in the Middle East and around 40 kya in Europe. At some sites in the middle east, both populations lived in very close proximity to one another for what is thought to be a time range of about 40 000 years. (Akazawa et al:1998) Recent developments in genetic studies have begun to open new lines of evidence in the relatedness of Neanderthals to current modern human populations. By studying the genes of both, we can compare the similarities and differences and calculate whether the two are close enough to say there is a relation or not. This line of research had been theory mostly because the skeletal remains on record had no organic material available from which to extract genetic material (i.e.: collagen in the bone). DNA from a Neanderthal specimen would be able to confer or oppose the " Mitochondrial Eve" theory put forth by Cann et al in 1987 (Foley and Lahr 1992: 526; Klein 1989:352) which stated that the common ancestor for modern human populations could be traced to approx. 200kya in Africa. When DNA was finally extracted from a Neanderthal specimen, this could be addressed.