Effects of Gender Wage Discrimination on Women

Effects of sexual urge pay Discrimination on WomenThe Effects of Gender Wage Discrimination onLife of WomenContents1Introduction2Literature Review2.1Need for rival salary flake and its Impact2.2Problems faced by Women3Conclusion4ReferencesAbstractThis research is a review for some studies which be focused to highlight disagreement in presentment amid male and female members. The studies present the data collection methods such as surveys and interviews. All the studies instituteed that the discrimination in payment against women equable exists, but there is a significant decline in the sexuality rent cleft particularly because of the increasing aw beness and enforcement of Gender Equity Act. The studies showed that the women recently require gained more experience and higher education which declined racial discrimination against the women. The studies in addition historied that the women have the right to get adjoin pay like that of men. Similarly women deserve to h ave the akin employment opportunities as of men.1 IntroductionThe equal pay act was signed on the 10th of June 1963 by the President John F. Kennedy (U.S. Equal habit Opportunity Commission, 2014). The enactments of this act were to jut out and amend the fine Labor Standards Act in 1938. This Act gave attention to unfair practices in paying low wages to female employees than males for the similar job. John F. Kennedy highlighted the importance of the Equal profits Act as While much remains to be done to carry through full equality of economic opportunity for the average cleaning lady worker earns nevertheless 60 percent of the average wage for men this legislation is a significant step forward (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, 1963).Kelly Jeanetta, develop of Kelly A. Jeanetta Law Firm LLC, said that the women are still getting only seventy percent of total wages earned by men for the same jobs. She further argues that due to unexamined biases and favoritism systems men are getting higher wages than women which has negatively affected the lives of women (Jeanetta, 2013). The goal of the Equal Pay Act of 1963 was to achieve equality in wages paid to both men and women at workplace. Furthermore the Act was approved keeping in consideration the objective to thwart the discrimination and biasness in jobs and pays in the clandestine sphere. Previously a negative nonion existed stating that men should get more wages than women if they are on the same job and have same responsibilities. However this shows the obvious discrimination in outgo to men and women.Jeanetta (2013) further pointed out the law that was enacted in Minnesota in 1969 about Equal Pay for Equal Work, which prohibits employers to discriminate between employees in paying who are doing the same work, the same effort and the same efficiency. This law is a costly model to reduce the difference in wage payment between man and woman, and the employer who pays wages on the bas is of sex difference is a violation of the law of equality in pay. However to fully implement the rules and regulations of this Act, continuous work is required to be done. Government and NGOs must step frontward to ensure that wages are paid equally to both sexes.The aim of this research is to understand the need for Equal Pay Act and the expediencys in the gender wage discrimination during the course of history. Furthermore the musical com role attempts to find if discrimination exists in disbursement of wages to men and women. Also the research aims to highlight schooling bothers faced by the women with the low wages than their counterparts.2 Literature Review2.1 Need for Equal Pay Act and its ImpactThe basis of Equal Pay Act was to eradicate the discrimination of wage between men and women during the course of their job. Several researches have been conducted to analyze the importance of Equal Pay Act and improvement in the wage distribution as a resolvent of the increas ed enforcement of the law. Suh (2009) investigated determinants and characteristics of changes in the gender wage gap in the fall in States of America between 1989 and 2005. The weigh make that the wage gap between men and women reduced during the study period, from seventy four percent to more than eighty percent. The results of this study show that women tried to close the wage gap by education, working hours and increased experience. This study also concluded that decreasing gender gap is also the result of diminishing level of wage discrimination in the labor market. Although with the passage of time the improvement in the wage gap between men and women occurred, still the distribution is far from equality.Regarding the economic electric shock on lives of the women due to low wages, the study shows that certainly the economic condition of women was improved as human uppercase development became the reason for better wages. According to Neumark decomposition the majority of increasing discrimination is because of the increase of influence of men in the workplace (Neumark, 1988).Jake Rosenfeld and Meredith Kleykamp (2012) used the on-line(prenominal) population survey between 1973 and 2007 to find out the impact of African-Americans to reduce the wage gap in the private sector, and how African-Americans worked with unions to protect themselves from discrimination in the private sector. The survey showed that wage gaps between women, black-white are thirteen to thirty percent lower. The study showed that the important role played by Union to reduce racial inequality (Rosenfeld Kleykamp, 2012).Patrick Mason (2011) presented the paper which studied the changes in the concept of ethnic Americans during the post-Jim Crow era, the study included American families between 1965 and 2006, and the differences between the U.S. region, especially the South. The study none that men and women regard little of their racial difference, have different opportunities in society and the market and likewise the remuneration also differentiates (Mason, 2011).The study also showed that Oaxaca-Ransom decompositions found there is a big reduction in payment discrimination against African Americans especially for those between the ages of 50 and 59, women are more practice racial equality faster than men. The study also showed that the reduction in the Southern racial disparity is reason for the national improvement among men (Mason, 2011).According to a study carried out by both of Rafael Lalive and Alois Stutzer (2009), women get paid lesser than men for the same work, and the level of their satisfaction with their jobs are lower than men. But the study showed that the wage discrimination against women has decreased significantly, and thats because the high awareness of the act of equal pay between men and women, in addition to experience factor which the women have from the labor market.The reduction in the gap occurred during 1970s due to immediate attention toward the wage discrimination after the resolution of Equal Pay Act. cast up in jobs opportunities in the U.S. labor market occurred during this period because of higher qualification of women.Many European countries have evolved towards decentralization and to determine the minimum wage, which address the problem of the wage gap gender. In several European countries the gender pay gap has a low profile both in the public public debate and in the policy agenda. Summarizing, one of the main problems is that there is no real owner of the problem, as nobody really feels responsible for closing the gender pay gap. Organizing political support for closing the gap seems to be an important challenge for the near future. (ODorchai, 2008).Liqin Zhang and Xiao-Yuan Dong (2008) used the data from Chinese company to analyze the wage discrimination between male and female in Chinas industry. The results of the study showed that there is a relation between low wages for women, and faint-hearted production for female workers compared with male workers. The result of this study showed that the women who worked in the public sector get wages equal to the men, but the women who worked in the private sector more like to discrimination in wage. The study noted that the Chinese woman status in the deterioration because of discrimination against them from employers in the private sector, in addition to the failure of the public sector to the protection of women, and failure to impose policies and laws against discrimination in wages.In the service sector, women do not encounter gender wage discrimination in state-owned enterprises but do suffer from discrimination in private-owned enterprises. The public sector pays more attention to advocating gender equality eyepatch managers of private enterprises have more discretionary power to act out their prejudice against women in wage-setting and employment policies( Zhang and Dong, 2008).A group of researcher Ariane Hegew isch, Hannah Liepmann, Jeffrey Hayes, and Heidi Hartmann (2010), they presented a paper to prove the existence of discriminatory wage between the gender by analysis of occupational data during the 1970 and 1980s, and the study noted that can be seen from the occupations that does not require high levels of education, and the jobs which required especial degree.2.2 Problems faced by WomenDiscrimination in the pay between men and women is no doubt troublesome for a large population of US workforce, mainly consisting of women. Glynn (2012) says that 50% of all workers of U.S. payrolls are women and majority of them are single mothers working outside their homes. In order to support their families the single mothers and other women are required to have adequate payments. Furthermore gender pay gaps and the discrimination hinder the women to progress up to the top level management positions in the organizations. Even if female workers are qualified and experienced they are paid lesser th an their male counterparts. Apart from the single or unite women the female workers who are unmarried are also getting lower wages. Recently graduated female staff members are usually paid less than other female staff. Organizations on the other hand save a big chunk of their income by paying less to the female workers.The study noted that the European women are suffering from difficulty in earning with low wages and the discriminatory practices from employers. The study suggested to impose a three polices to protect woman from discrimination at work, first equal pay policies, the legal frame is not the problem, but the problem is enforcement of this policy, second wage policies and third equal opportunities policy.Women are also paid less because they are considered to be best suited for pink collar jobs which offer lesser benefits than other white collar jobs. Furthermore position of women in white collar jobs which demand effective decision making skills is very limited. Few org anizations offer top management positions for the women.According to Boushey, Arons, and Smith, among the 19 meg families in USA women are the main breadwinner for their families, which makes the women bear the brunt of keeping their jobs and take care of family. Whereas the man is more prone to lose his job, which means that millions of families now cuss on a womans job to make ends meet. This shows that womens jobs are more critical for their families than men (Boushey, Arons, and Smith, 2010) and getting paid lesser is no doubt extreme level of discrimination.Nowadays the American parents working very hard to take care of their kids and cover their bills, and women try to find a good job with a good payment to help her family to cover the requirements of family life. So, the discrimination in wage could have a negative impact not only on her life, but also on her family life, Nearly two-thirds of mothers are either the breadwinner for their family or share that responsibility w ith a partner. Womens earnings therefore are vital to their families economic well-being (Glynn, 2012).3 ConclusionPrevious researches and articles included in the research helped to analyze the facts and figures of the discrimination. Furthermore study of the Equal Pay Act shows how payment discrimination was reduced and more awareness is spread about its implementation. Equal Pay Act helped to reduce the unfairness in the wage disbursement to both men and women.From the studies we can see the reduction in racial discrimination in wages, especially against women. And thats because the increase awareness of the Equal Pay Act. The studies showed that The United States and European Union countries are more pursuant to the Equal Wages Act than Eastern European countries and China. The studies also confirm the importance of supporting of the equality Act, and make it effective in order to protect women from discrimination and give women the right to equal employment opportunities.The s tudy showed major problems faced by the women when they are paid lesser than their counterpart male workers. As statistics show that women share major portion of US workforce the discrimination of pay has negative impact on their economic condition. Furthermore single, married and single moms face trouble as they are main contributors in the family. Considering the economic and social problems faced by the women due to discrimination in the wages, the need for a strongly established law is obvious. Federal agencies need to play vital role in the insane asylum and implementation of equal pay system to both sexes. This research can also be extended further to see why organizations do not appoint women in top managerial positions.4 ReferencesAlksnis, C., Desmarais, S. (2008). Workforce Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap Is Womens Work Valued as extremely as Mens?1. ournal of Applied Social Psychology, 1-6.Bacolod, M. P., Blum, B. (2010). Two Sides of the Same Coin U.S. Residual In equality and the Gender Gap. daybook of Human Resources, 198-242.Glynn, S. J. (2012, August 16). point Sheet The wage Gap for Women. Retrieved from American Progress Organization http//www.americanprogress.org/issues/labor/news/2012/08/16/12029/fact-sheet-the-wage-gap-for-women/Hegewisch, A., Liepmann, H., Hayes, J., Hartmann, H. (2010). Separate and Not Equal? Gender Segregation in the Labor Market and the Gender Wage Gap. INSTITUTE FOR WOMENS POLICY RESEARCH.Jain, T. (2008). Equal Pay for Equal Work . ICFAI Journal of Employment Law, 1-27.Jeanetta, K. A. (2013). Equal Pay for Equal Work. The Hennepin Lawyer.John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. (1963, June 10). Remarks on signing Equal Pay Act of 1963. Retrieved April 27, 2014, from John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum http//www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-045-001.aspxMason, P. L. (2011). Moments of Disparate Peaks Race-Gender Wage Gaps Among Mature Persons, 19652007. Rev Black Polit Econ, 1-25.Neumark, D. (1988). Employers Discriminatory Behavior and the Estimation of Wage Discrimination . The Journal of Human Resources, 279-295.ODORCHAI, S. (2008). DOWOMEN GAIN OR LOSE FROM go MOTHERS? A COMPARATIVEWAGEANALYSIS IN 25 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. Brussels Economic Review, 1-7.Rosenfeld, J., Kleykamp, M. (2012). Organized Labor and Racial Wage Inequality in the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 14601502.Stutzer, A., Lalive, R. (2004). APPROVAL OF EQUAL RIGHTS AND GENDER . Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft.Suh, J. (2009). Decomposition of the Change in the Gender Wage Gap. Research in Business and Economics Journal , 1-18.U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2014). The Equal Pay Act of 1963. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission http//www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/epa.cfmZhang, L., Dong, X.-Y. (2008). Male-female wage discrimination in Chinase industry . Economics of Transition, 85-112.

Analysing Product Development Within Dell Computers

Analysing Product Development Within dingle ComputersThe Product Development at the dell Computer Corporation case pile be summarized with just its name, result maturement. The case foc physical exertions on information of dells own(prenominal) estimators, highlighting the area of the laptops.The personal astute machine application can be dated substantiate to the 1830s and Charles Babbage with his invention of the first digital computing machine. However with l burlesques of materials and marting his vision mainly stayed on what is c to each oneed the drawing board. It was non until the time period of World War II when a factory size ready reckoner was created by army engineers, they were named Mark I and Colossus and they were 50 feet in size. Through the 1960s and the 1970s exactly the g overnment, mainly for defense, and big business had the opportunity to use computers. As engineering science increased and microchips replaced the wires and transistors, and fina ncial availableness became friendlier for consumers the microcomputer revolution began. In the 1970s and 1980s Apple Computer was a masteryful leader in a commercialized interface that was weak to use. Apple set the technological pace for cramming as some(prenominal) revolutionary engine room in to their merchandises as possible. IBM who was always trying to play catch up with Apple kicked off its traditional corporate based computer run, with strong direct gross revenue and service. dingle alike released its own branded personal computer in 1981. During the 1980s personal computer sales grew from nothing to $40 billion dollars.It was in 1983 when dingle Computer was started by Michael dell, who at this point in time was a freshman at the University of Texas. He would upgrade IBM compatible computers and go door to door selling them. The success was overwhelming for dell, and he locomote off campus and dropped come in of school, with the initial idea of returning back to school if there was failure with the business. However, with $180,000 in sales during his first month the idea of sacking back to school never entered his mind. The next step for Dell was to buy and assemble his own brand name personal computers and take away them directly to the customers. This is where Dells pattern to eliminate the middle man began. With this premise in mind, high growth rates and attractive margins the building of the Dell name began. Soon, Dell would start a 24 hour complaint hotline and they would offer a supply of backup replacement equipment. By 1990, Dell computers had a distinctive line of its own personal computers which won several trade magazine awards for service and harvest-homes.By 1990 microcomputers accounted for 40% of all computers sold. And there was major competition the brands helping to drive down the embody of manufacturing as well the cost for the consumers. With the victimization and success of Dell and their direct to consumer sal es as well as their laid back sales manner, imitators much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Gateway 2000 and CompuAdd began business. While focusing on the competition Dell expanded in to the retail market attempting to gain more revenue. However, this was unsuccessful since Dell overshot the target budget of sales, finding them in a cash crunch. It was then persistent on that that packed to do something disparate. They required to stand out againThe Dell Business ModelThe Dell business model is a simple one. Eliminate the middle man. Dell sold its computers directly to customers with no retailers in the middle. Customers are able to order a customized computer that fits their needs. Customers like universities, large corporations, and government agencies all have varied needs when it comes to computers. Dell also kept this dodge with its small customers. People can order a computer based on barrage liveness, software applications, size, gaming, business orientated, and many diff erent customizations. A with child(p) advantage with this business model is that Dell can maintain a low strain cost which saves the company lots of money.How it workingDell achieves this business model by having a small lead time from when the computer order comes in to when it actually gets to the customer. This is very(prenominal) important to Dells success because the negative to directly selling to the customer is that the customer cannot just walk into a Dell store or retailer and just buy the computer. Dell has a general lead time of 3-5 days. This is the time is takes to build the computer and ship it. This doesnt include the couple of days for the shipping. The lead time can veer depending on the type of customization. Sometimes it could be longer or shorter based on inventory and the depth of customization. This is a major advantage for Dell to be able to ship computer within days. Dell must plan, build, and trial vigorously all within the 3-5 days. This also allows Dell to maintain minimal inventory of hand. Unlike other computer companies, Dell does not have to have ready-made computers on hand. If Dell experiences a slow month in sales then it doesnt cost them as much as its competitors because Dell is paying less for inventory overhead. This great success is a product of the new merged operations that Dell has implemented starting with the product development change.Another advantage of Dells business model is the 24-hour customer support system that it offers. Dell offers this resource so that customers can call at anytime to fix a problem with one of Dells computers. Not only is the feature convenient for the customer, but it is also very effective. In the Harvard case, it states that the customer support team was able to discharge problems themselves 91% of the time. That is an amazing statistic that reflects Dells training program and due diligence on building and retaining customer relationships.Argument Is Dells business model ef fective?Yes, Dells business model is a good one and is very effective. This has always been Dells business model and has brought it so much success. Only for a brief period in the 90s did Dell try and tweak the business model by getting into retail. This only proved to Dell that its current business plan was the best because Dell suffered some losses and sales decreased during this time. Also Gateway, a competitor, had adopted Dells direct sales strategy which gave them great success. Dells original business plan is the best plan for many reasons. The direct sales approach lets them build and retain customer relationships because there is no middle man in between Dell and the customer. The 24-hour customer support program lets customers give direct feedback to Dell and makes the customer feel appreciated when Dell is helping them, not an IT representative from a retailer. Another competitive advantage this business plan gives Dell is the inventory control. Dell is know for turning over inventory better than any other computer manufacturer in the industry. This plan allows Dell to achieve such great inventory control. When Dell went into the retail side it could not keep up with turning over inventory as fast as it used to when it was selling directly to customers. In conclusion, Dells original business plan is very good and extremely effective. It is proven in the Harvard case when Dell moved away from its plan.Industry Technological DevelopmentsIn the computer industry there were some key technological evolutions that led to a great competition between the industrys firms. During the 1970s the industry saw some great technological advancements. These findings were crucial to the computer firms today because they made it easier for the companies to make, sell, and meet the needs of its customers. The major developments were improved microprocessors, standard operating systems, increased availability of software, and cheaper memory. These developments made the computer industry an attractive market for many. Another development that came later was the barrage engineering. Batteries for laptop computers advanced which led to even more competition. Since the competition is so great, companies need to find other ways to compete other than resources. For the closely part the computer firms used the comparable technology so one of the ways the firms could get a competitive edge is through its product development process.Dell was a firm that realized the highly competitive nature of the computer industry during the 1990s. In 1993 Dell found itself losing money and in the shakeout period of the computer industry. This is the period of time when competition is at its highest and only the strong firms survive. The weaker firms will be shaken out of the market and will dissolve. Dell was one of the few firms that realized that it needed to do something different to compete and survive. Dell intractable that it needed to look at its product development process.Dell Product Development ProcessOriginal Product Development StrategyDells original product development process was very informal. The process was very amateur and lacked structure. First, the process involved self governed teams that had no accountability or management. The teams were made up of engineers and developers that had all the same ideas or similar strategies. Second, risks were not being assessed properly in these teams. Since the teams all had similar viewpoints the members were collectively overlooking risks. The biggest problem with this process was that projects were being passed onto the next leg of development when it should not have been. This leads to fail projects which in return cost Dell lots of money and time which could mean the difference in such a competitive market. The margin of error for Dell was slim to none during this time. When Dell had a major project fail which cost it several millions of dollars, it went to management, engine ers, and developers to promise what their opinion was on trying a new process. The management wanted a new process that had more structure. The engineers and developers wanted to keep the old process mainly because they thought that structure would stifle their creativity. After a long debate Dell decided to change its product development process. Dell decided that its old process was similar to a start-up companys process and not an experienced company, like itself.New Product Development StrategyThe new product development strategy was much more formal. The teams now were called core teams which were made up of a mix of engineers and managers who had different views and techniques. Dell wanted diversity in its groups to embolden conversation and debate. Each group was also held responsible for a project from start to finish and the team was governed by an outside manager. This made the teams accountable for all their decisions and moves. The new process had six phases in which e ach phase would last around 3 months. The total time for a project was approximately 18 months.Profile Phase- Teams would write a guide on the new product and its market that it would be sold inPlanning Phase- Teams create a minute business case for the product which must be viewed by a senior manager before it is passed onto the next phaseImplementation Phase- Teams must objective and test prototypes of the product and orders must be made to the suppliersQualification Phase- Teams build production prototypes and key customers give feedbackLaunch Phase- The customer experience is tested, from opening the product to setting up and using the product. Early adopters have their orders filledAcceptance Phase- Teams collect feedback and reports are compared to actual results.Argument Which process is better?The new product development process is much better than the old process. This is easy to see because of the results. Dell has survived the shakeout period and has become one of the i ndustry leaders. The new product development process allowed Dell to create better products because of the versatility of the core teams and also cut down on failures because of the structure of the new process. Fewer errors were a result of each team being held accountable for errors and have a senior manager evaluate the product before advancing to the next stage.Which onslaught?In 1991, Dell came out with its first line of the portable computer. And in 1992 Dells portable computers accounted for 17% of sales. However, with the backlash of rumors about unreliable screens, frequent power failures, being slower than most other portable computers and broken hinges Dell could not compete even with their low prices.Early 1993 brought about the cancelling of Dells new line of laptops. Under the guise that they were in addition slow and not ready for sales. After recalling 17,000 notebooks, Mark Holliday, the portable division head of Dell, calls a meeting with all of the company offic ers and forces a decision for a bombing to be made. During this meeting it is decided that there are three different battery decisions that Dell can go with. At the meeting it was decided that the battery decision must be made at the end of Phase 1 (the profile phase) of development and the three different choices are NiHi nickel Metal Hydride, lion Lithium Ion, and the last choice was to not make a choice genuinely, it was to defer a choice.The first choice for batteries was the NiHi otherwise known as the Nickel Metal Hydride. The chart below shows what some of the disadvantages and advantages to the NiHi battery. Overall this battery would not have been a great choice for Dell, because it did not solve the problem of lasting more than 3 hours like the consumers wanted and it could not recharge to its full potential. The second choice was the LiOn also known as the Lithium Ion Battery this is was the battery that Dell ended up choosing and still uses today. The third and final choice that dell had was to defer the choice of batteries, this would give Sony time to develop the battery and get a good production line going. This would also allow for Dell to be prepared for either battery design. display cases of BatteryAdvantagesDisadvantagesNiHiNickel Metal HydrideTakes up less space thenthe LiOnProvide limited product differentiation in an increasingly competitive marketAllows for more accessoriesSuch as communication control and memory managementShort battery life, normally less than 3 hours.Would involve no delays inProduction demandCan only recharge a fraction of full capacityA less risky choiceIf not attached of properly they could release heavy metal toxins in to the environment.Type of BatteryAdvantagesDisadvantagesLiOn Lithium IonLonger rechargeable livesUnproven and more expensive technologyMORE RISKY CHOICECan recharge to full potentialTakes up more space than conventional batteriesLaptop customers insisted on longer battery livesNo production de mand studies completedCold possibly boost salesProduction committed to Sony for at least a yearType of Battery table ChoiceAdvantagesDisadvantagesDell could have 2 options for battery spaceHaving the bigger battery (LiOn) would be less attractive to the customer ready Sony the time to test the LiOn batteryVariable be in both battery designs would be too highDell could continue with product development of the laptop in generalCold possibly over design the battery spaceCould give highest return, if LiOn was chosen and fails there is the NiHi to useBattery charging circuitry would have to be designed for both batteries.Strategy and FinancesOne of the major decisions for Dell was to choose the right battery power for its new Laptop which was targeting the laptop market. A strategy is a set of actions that coordinate the resources and commitments of a business to boost its performance. Strategy selections should be guided by the firms seat rather than by historical choices. Choosing a strategy that makes sense for a particular business is a decision which may lead to superior performance. there are a few choices that steer corporate strategies. Cost- Based Strategy requires a firm to be the lowest cost producer in the market. This can be lowest cost labor to efficiency in operations. Spirit airline is an example of this strategy. They are billed as the ultra-low-cost carrier. Spirit operates 28 Airbus planes and serves eastern and Midwestern cities in the Unites states. (Longenecker, et al. 2009)The second type of business strategy is Differentiation-Based. This model emphasizes the uniqueness of a firms product or service. This model places emphasis for the consumer to be convinced of the uniqueness and value of the product or service, whether real or perceived. (Schermerhorn, 2010). Dell looked to achieve this type of strategy.Dell focused on the need to connect with their customer, gain the middleman and speak directly to their customers. Dell start their innovation process with asking their customers, What would you really want this thing to do? Is there a different way to accomplish that? Then they meet with their suppliers and ask, Can we do this in a different way? Then they try to come up with a totally different approach that exceeds the original objectives.http//www.forbes.com/2009/09/02/dell-amex-marriot-cmo-network-adtrend.htmlThe focus strategy selection of the battery power would impact the company in hopes of gaining market share through satisfied customers. Michael Dell and his team needed to relate to their environment, particularly to the customers and competitors. Choice of battery technology was of vital importance to Dell. Many factors were evaluated1. Competition abounded due to imitation of Dells direct model2. Dell felt a cash crunch due to their rapid expansion3. Lack of senior management satisfactory of command the firm4. Lack of structure in Dells product development process, growing importance of the portab le computer market5. Lack of senior management capable of guiding the firm toward maturity6. Lack of structure in Dells product development process Growing importance of portable computer industry7. gamey rate of battery life in minds of consumers8. Limited life of the NiHi battery9. Uncertainty of the emerging LiOn battery technologyDell was dependent upon the emerging success of the new Laptitude laptop product to revive its share in the portable computer market. Dell was hoping to distinguish itself with the introduction of the fresh LiOn battery technology. Unfortunately, the LiOn technology was immature and risky but, Dell needed to make a decision of whether to adopt this technology in the new product line or remain with current technology. Ultimately, Dell needed a winner and needed to make the critical and right decision to ensure an emergence back into the already competitive market along with a need for a significant financial infusion.Tenacious is a good word to describ e Michael Dell and the company he created. And tenacity and efficiency will be enough to keep Dell in the game. But to rise to the next level and really boost its growth, it may have to find a little more heart. http//money.cnn.com/magazines/ probability/fortune_archive/2006/09/18/8386121/index.htmDells new product development process was put to the test immediately as the decision was being made on how to develop a new laptop PC. Market research identified battery life as the third most important feature to customers when purchasing a laptop. One way the company distinguishes itself from other suppliers of perform-alike PCs is by acting quickly on the masses of data it gathers from customers. Information is a valuable competitive weapon, says Tom Thomas, chief information systems officer. Our whole business system is geared to collect it. (http//money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1993/09/27/78384/index.htm). Due to a chance meeting between Michael Dell and Sony executi ves, Dell had the opportunity to have exclusive access to the new Lithium Ion (LiOn) battery technology which greatly extended battery life, and offered superior overall performance to the standard Nickel Hydride (NiHi) technology. The new technology would add value to Dell laptops as they sought to recapture market share. The technology was not fully developed however, and there was a risk that it would not work. Dell thus faced a critical decision about how to allocate resources for the development of the laptop. Four options were identified by the product development team option 1- commit to the old technology (NiHi) cream 2 commit to the new technology (LiOn)Option 3a over-design the computer so that it could accommodate either type of battery, thus deferring the battery commitment until laterOption 3b dual design (in parallel) of laptops that would use either NiHi or LiOn technologyOption 1 Continue with a proven battery technology (NiHi)According to estimates made by projec t manager and product marketer, Henry McCarty, Dells market share will be 2.5% if Dell stays with the status quo battery configuration of NiHi. This equates to 825,000 units sold over the estimated 3 year product life. Given an average gross margin per unit over life of product of $600 and pass judgment $10 million expected cost of development effort, the expected profit margin is $485 million. There is 100% confidence that the NiHi battery product will work.Option 2 Go with the new battery technology (LiOn)The new Development Team, McCarty predicts Dells market share to jump to 3.0% or 990,000 units over 3 years, if LiOn technology works. If the LiOn technology fails, Dells market share will fall to about 1.25% or 413,000 units over 3 years. This drop in market share would be attributed to competitors already having an established product on the market, while Dell undergoes substantial rework, 70% of original schedule, and 30% of cost to switch back to NiHi. There is only a 60% co nfidence that the LiOn battery product wont fail. Given an average gross margin per unit over life of product of $600 and expected $10 million expected cost of development, the expected profit margin is $444 million under option 2.Option 3a Dual Development crouch commitment until qualification phase reviewDual Development option has an estimated $10 million expected cost of development and an additional fixed cost of $2.5 million because Dell would have to develop two technologies at the same time. These are the actual project costs incurred which incorporates the additional designers and engineers, material and tooling costs, etc. These costs do not include the product opportunities Dell would forego if they had to pull people away from other projects. Given the new fixed costs and calculating a weighted average of expected profit margins based on the success rate of the technology, option 3a has an estimated profit margin of $542 million, the highest of the three options.Option 3b Over-design Defer commitment until qualification phase reviewSimilarly with the dual development we need to calculate the cost of the over-design strategy. The expected cost will be $10 million for development and additional variable cost of 0.5% of revenue (2.0% of margin) since Dell would have to develop two technologies in the same time. Due to the LiOn batterys different dimensions and properties, Dell would have to over-design the computer case, charging circuitry, and battery management software to accommodate either battery technology. Given the new variable costs and calculating a weighted average of expected profit margins based on the success rate of the technology, option 3b has an estimated profit margin of $533 million. This is the second highest of all options.One hold of Dell looked at the Sensitivity Analysis of estimated profit margin if the confidence probability of LiOn technology changes. Based on the assumption McCarty provided, it shows clearly that Optio n 3a is the best option as long the Confidence of LiOn Technology is between 10%90%. It is also obvious that if Dell knows 100% that LiOn will be successful Dell should choose Option 2. If the chance of success will be 0%, Dell should choose Option 1. http//www.mbanerds.com/index.php? human activity=Product_Development_at_Dell_Computer_Corp.

The Hilton Hotel And Resorts | Marketing Mix

The Hilton Hotel And Resorts Marketing MixAccording to Philip Kotler marketing strategies argon the combinations of all important marketing goals into a comprehensive plans, it should be from marketing query and its centre of attention should be proficient marketing mix to achieve maximum profit and sustainability for the transcription.Hilton Hotel and resorts is a Hospitality industry founded by Conard Hilton in 1919 in Cisco, Texas (U.S) and has 540 hotels worldwide. Its first brand was opened in Business travel and leisure travel ar the two marketing emphasis the comp all is focusing on. Hilton Hotel and Resorts atomic number 18 mostly located in city centres, near airports and so forthfor the easy access for the customers. This assignment is on Hilton Hotel (HHonours) near Heathrow Airport with in Heathrow area it has three branches. slack access from all terminals Heathrow central and terminal 5. It has partnership with different airlines and car rental companies. It just 6 transactions walk away from T4 and 10 minutes away by courtesy shuttle bus from T5.Hilton London Heathrow Airport hotel Exterior(http//www3.hilton.com/en/hotels/united-kingdom/hilton-london-heathrow-airport-LHRAPTW/index.html)Marketing Marketing in Hospitality industry is unmatched of the main elements to increase profits and success of the business and it is playing precise important role in hospitality. It helps the memorial tablet to devil success through empathise their customers, what they want, their needs priorities and demand from the organization and what are their expectation level from customer service point of view, leisure and infrastructure etc. It is really easy these age through internet. The organisation can excessively put surveys on internet, blogs, websites, social media, etc. For example Hilton hotel is available on aspect book where any star can like, gab and post their views and in any case customers can check their updates, offers etc.http// xzamcorp.com/quality-blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Facebook-Hilton-Hotels-Resorts.jpg(https//www.facebook.com/hilton)Marketing MixMarketing mix is a mixture of four fundamentals ingathering, price, place and promotion. That actions apply to satisfy the wants of an organisations tar pick out market and at the same time achieve its marketing objectives. (Stanton) 1994.http//www.marketingteacher.com/image/content/mmix.gifProduct- this feature of marketing mix is including planning, developing and producing the make up category of products and services in the market by an organisation. In short words what is the quality of the product, size of the product? How is it looks like, aim of the product, look on of the product, about packaging, test and range etc?Product of HiltonPrice- To fix a right price of product is a most difficult task. Price of the product should be reasonable and low-priced so organisation can sell their product easily and successfully in the market. There ar e lots of steps between set the right price for example determination of unit price of the product, pricing policies and strategies, discounts, credits, cost, terms of delivery, payment, competitive price credit policy etc.Price of Hilton hotelPlace- It is called distribution channels, remembering and warehousing, coverage channel, inventory management, selection channel, distribution logistics etc. Management of organisation is responsible to choose and deal with distribution channels so customers can get the product at right place at right time. They should develop personal distribution. Wholesalers and retailers are most important channels which are used for physical distribution of matures.Place for Hilton hotelPromotion- the fourth p is promotion it does include determination about direct marketing, gross revenue promotion, advertisements, realityity, exhibitions, public relations activity etc. roughly important tools are advertisements and sales promotion which are used to promote the sale of products of organisations. Promotional activities are free distribution of sample of product, contests etc. These types of tools are expressive which does help to beat the competition in the market to organisation. Advertisements are used to communicate and pass the information to customers and consumers about the features of product through television, internet, newspapers and magazines, radio, billboards, banners and posters etc.Limitations Doing advertisements or promotion is expensive tool but there is lots of advertisements on the television and internet so people can get feed up thats why mostly people ignore the advertisements on television they just skip the channels when the advertisements comes in front of them. Some people do not read the advertisements on newspapers and magazines.Promotion about HiltonBranding- branding is a unique name and identity of the company. It is a procedure of mark and stamp to the product with identify look, design and log o etc. So customers and consumers can get idea about the features of product from the name, look, logo, mark and design. Brand name or design should be attractive, which can attract to the customers. From brand name customers can recognise the product. When they give a symbol or name to the product organisation should constantly keep in mind there is lots of competitor in the market. Brand should be like that which is no one can copy it easily. node loyalty- it is about to encourage the customer, attract towards brand, buy the product often and in extra amount. It is about satis situationion level of customers, confidence, and their needs and wants. Organisation should build blood with customers using e-market via email, messaging on liquid phones, so customers can stay keep in touch with them. Organisation should give points to the customers on loyalty cards. They should steer to customers to care for them what are their choices and what they do not want.Network and customer re lationships marketing strategies- Marketing take place in public relationship. For an organisation should have cracking and strong relation with society to fight the competition in the market. They should build strong network into the market with stakeholders. Now a days every organisation have customer care department to sort out the problems of customers and they have call centres as well as they have online customer care installation via internet so customers can call them or email them regarding their problems. In an organisation network and customer relationship is how does effective staff deals with customers and employers with employees.Hilton Hotel company appreciates the value of its staff and uses internal marketing to retain them and make them feel valued. At the Hilton organisation management realises that the companys team member added value and quality to the business. In fact it is the people working for the organisation that makes the Hilton hotels corporation such an international success. A hotel is an actual physical product, but a lot of the experience of visiting a hotel relates to the service offered by its staff to the customers. At Hilton hotel organisation management realises that staff treat customers with about same degree of respect as they themselves are hardened by their employers. If staff are not treated and valued well they in turn will not respect or treat customers very well. Obviously this is very bad for an organisation..The Hilton hotel corporation invests a lot of time and money in its staff. It takes training and staff development very seriously. It involves staff in all aspects of its marketing plans and strategy so that everyone knows what is going on and how they make contribution. Organisation gives rewards to its staff for effort with awards and promotion. It includes its staff by allowing them access to extranet which is also dowery with its business partners. Management offers a comprehensive befits packages t o its staff, including medical, dental and vision care coverage, life accident and disability insurance, the Hilton stock purchase plan, the flexible work arrangement. opposite benefits including vacation and holiday pay plus and special privileges when staff stays at Hilton hotels. At the Hilton group management really try to retain sizeable staff and do everything possible to make working for the Hilton hotel organisation rewarding and satisfying experience.Marketing conversation activities and strategies-marketing communication is a way which is used by an organisation to change the behaviour of stakeholders towards product. They present to product into the market in such way, people can get information about the product from designing, promotion, exhibitions, advertisements, newspapers, magazines, mobile phone marketing etc. Marketing communication can be develop by direct marketing and indirect marketing. Personal selling, sales promotion, advertising, public relations these are all marketing communication. Those all tools are used for communication about product, which tells to public about the features of product. Organisation use marketing communication to achieve the market objectives and target sales. Communication is messages between one person to other person and in marketing it is between seller and buyer.E-marketing- e-marketing is an internet marketing, which is also called as an online marketing, web-marketing. Now a days every organisation use electronic technology for advertisements to gain the objectives. Technology plays a vital role for an organisation such computer based technology. Organisation create their websites, they send information about products online. Internet offers unique opportunities for organisation and customers to communicate with each others. It is a good way to build relationship with each other. Companies do promotion by direct email, advertisements on internet, by text messaging on mobile phones as well. People ca n know about the organisations and their manufactured goods to visit on their websites through internet. Organisation can do advertisements through social media for example face book, twitter etc.On other hand some people do not trust on online information. These types of people prefer to go to the organisation personally so they can get information about the product from someone face to face.Guerrilla marketing activities and strategies- this type of strategy is a sleeve for marketers and it is not very expensive it is low cost strategy. Guerrilla marketing is a unusual methods of promotion. This type of marketing does not focus on sales just focus profits, on primary success. It does expect highest results from minimum resources.But sometimes these methods of marketing represent the false image of brand, which is not good to get success for an organisation and survive for long time in the future.Viral marketing- it is blog marketing, forum marketing, email marketing and article m arketing. This type of marketing is passed from one person to another person for example messengers are used for viral marketing. Social media is the best way for viral marketing.Public relationship strategies-Public relation strategies are one of the promotional Mix (advertisement, personal selling, sales promotion, corporate image and Exhibition). According to Bill bernbach- People cant believe you if they dont know what you are utter and they cant know what you are saying if they dont listen to you, and they wont listen to you if youre not interesting. Any news, planning, presentation, job advertisement etc organisation wants to give to public and any feedback organisation want from public different media such as speaker opportunities (conferences, seminars, public forums), trade show support (press appointments, private demos), public launch, magazines, newspaper, (articles, report), TV, internet, PR blogs (such as face book, twitter, online Pr) etc.Public relationship is a rel ationship of sharing information relation to organisation not only between organisation and customers it is also with employees, staff, consumers, general public, competitors etc. Public relation plays a vital role and its essential to make public aware and up-to-date about new policies, procedures, jobs, vacancies etc.Marketing and marketing communication theoryConceptual frameworksRecommend marketing and customer loyalty strategies that would secure and/or enhance the organisation competitive advantage.

Essay --

In the short story Going to Meet the Man by James Baldwin, Baldwin pushes the boundaries of racism and cultural repression. Jesse is white deputy sheriff who is sexually frustrated in bed with his wife Grace when he cannot develop an erection. For the first time he is suffering from insomnia and he begins to crap flashbacks of the many interactions he has had with the calamitous race. He starts to tell his wife of an earlier incident he had with a group of black protesters who would not stop singing. While the sheriffs are sensational the protesters, Jesse takes the ring leader of the group to a cell and beats him repeatedly with a prod in order to force him to stop the singing. As Jesse heads for the cell door, the boy reminds him of his pass when he once disrespected his auntie, Old Julia. This channels the many flashbacks he has to understand why he sexually repressed with violence and has vainglorious to be racist. Baldwin conveys that violence and pain unequivocals themselv es in each generation because families teach them through household values and societal expectations. Jesse first lesson was his childhood friend, Otis. Jesse was not ever violent towards the black race as he was in the jail cell with that black, battered body. As a child, he looked beyond race and his black friend Otis was just a boy to him He had a black friend, eight, who lived nearby. His name was Otis. They wrestled together in the dirt (1756). Baldwin shows that Jesse and Otis are just now friends. Jesse plays with Otis because he did not care about his race but he just wanted to be a kid and have fun. unawares following the friendly interaction with Otis, Jesse started his transition from child to the chauvinistic man he is now. Soon young Jesse realizes that... ...oked to them for courage now (1754). Jesses prior experiences vex him to believe that through violence towards the colored race was the epitome of being a man. It was because of his father and his friends, whi ch forms the racial tension he has with colored race and the chaste value of white supremacy. Overall, racism and social repression is a pending issue that has yet to cease. Racism has become the face of American history because of the belief mental synthesis and family morals built on hatred of one another. This leads to societies broken and has become the most common setback of modern society. The use of violence and pain has manifest through generations, teaching whites to be superior and allowing blacks to be use to common oppression. If the world fails to reprimand the issue, generations will grow to believe the unrealistic morals that have shaped America.

Hippy Movement :: essays research papers

Hippy MovementThrough out history the world has seen some generations that have made an impact much than all of its predecessors. The decade from1960 to 1970 was definitely one of those eras. The people didnt follow the teachings of its elders, but rejected them for an alternative culture which was their very own(Harris 14). Made up of the younger commonwealth of the time this new culture was such a radical society that they were given their own name which is still used today. They came to be called the Hippies. The Hippie move started in San Francisco, California and spread across the linked States, through Canada, and into parts of Europe (World Book). But it had its greatest influence in America. During the 1960s a radical group called the Hippies shocked America with their alternative lifestyle and radical beliefs. Hippies came from many different places and had many different backgrounds. All Hippies were young, from the ages of 15 to 25(Worldbook). They left their familie s and did it for many different reasons. Some rejected their parents ideas, some just wanted to get away, and others simply were outcasts, who could only fit in with the Hippie population. " to a lower place 25 became a magical age, and young people all over the world were united by this bond" (Harris 15). This bond was of Non-conformity and it was the "Creed of the Young" (Harris 15). just about Hippies came from wealthy middle class families. Some people said that they were spoiled and wasting their lives away. But to Hippies themselves this was a way of life and no one was going to get in the way of their dreams and ambitions. Hippies flocked to a certain area of San Francisco on the corner of Haight Street and Ashbury Street, where the world got their first military position of this unique group. This place came to be known as the Haight Ashbury District. There were tours of the district and it was said that the tour "was the only foreign tour within the co ntinental limits of the United States" (Stern 147). The Hippies were so different that the conservative middle class could not relate to them and saw them as aliens. The Haight Ashbury district lies in the very center of San Francisco. In the years of 1965 and 1966 the Hippies took over the Haight Ashbury district(Cavan 49). There they lived and spread their

Benjamin Franklin :: essays research papers

Benjamin Franklin believed that by watching and poring over whizzs own appearance, that soulfulness would be able to improve themselves by subtile their like and dislikes, wants and needs, etc. I agree with Franklins possibility and think that this is one of the few things in life that a person has control over in order to change their over tout ensemble being. For the best or worst knowing yourself makes it easier to decide things for yourself and gets a person to become, in a way, one with themselves.Analyzing ones own behavior is very beneficial if the person is strong or willing enough to not only realize their good qualities but also recognize the bad things about themselves. By studying your behavior you throw out find things that make up your character and, individually change or eliminate those factors so that youre a better person. If a person is mentally weak, the recognizing of their bad traits whitethorn discourage them or cause a downfall in some aspect of their lives. You would be able to stress more on how you want to be and work towards that goal b y adding or subtracting good traits for bad ones.Working towards your goal would be fulfilling in that youre on the job(p) towards a physical and/or mental mindset of how you want to be. Of course, no one would have the same goal. One persons goal may sound like anothers but our differing characters and ways of examining life will make them different and unique. In my own experience, examining my behavior helped me to begin exercising. forwards I started to exercise, I had a lot of extra time on my hands and felt that I wasnt where I cherished to be physically because of noticing that I wasnt able to run as fast as I once could. After realizing this, I began to exercise and, enjoyed it to the meridian where after my rivulet time returned I continued to work out. I felt good about myself and how exercising is a part of my schedule. I instal out what I needed to fill the gap in my life th rough self-examination.Although self-improvement by self-examination, in my opinion is good, there are limits. No human being is perfect If you try to become perfect, you will fail. We all have our own faults and they may or may not exist all the time. No affair what, we always commits faults, even if we dont act them out, thinking them is just as bad.Benjamin Franklin essays research papers Benjamin Franklin believed that by watching and studying ones own behavior, that person would be able to improve themselves by knowing their like and dislikes, wants and needs, etc. I agree with Franklins theory and think that this is one of the few things in life that a person has control over in order to change their overall being. For the best or worst knowing yourself makes it easier to decide things for yourself and gets a person to become, in a way, one with themselves.Analyzing ones own behavior is very beneficial if the person is strong or willing enough to not only realize their goo d qualities but also recognize the bad things about themselves. By studying your behavior you can find things that make up your character and, individually change or eliminate those factors so that youre a better person. If a person is mentally weak, the recognizing of their bad traits may discourage them or cause a downfall in some aspect of their lives. You would be able to focus more on how you want to be and work towards that goal b y adding or subtracting good traits for bad ones.Working towards your goal would be fulfilling in that youre working towards a physical and/or mental mindset of how you want to be. Of course, no one would have the same goal. One persons goal may sound like anothers but our differing characters and ways of examining life will make them different and unique. In my own experience, examining my behavior helped me to begin exercising. Before I started to exercise, I had a lot of extra time on my hands and felt that I wasnt where I wanted to be physically because of noticing that I wasnt able to run as fast as I once could. After realizing this, I began to exercise and, enjoyed it to the point where after my running time returned I continued to work out. I felt good about myself and how exercising is a part of my schedule. I found out what I needed to fill the gap in my life through self-examination.Although self-improvement by self-examination, in my opinion is good, there are limits. No human being is perfect If you try to become perfect, you will fail. We all have our own faults and they may or may not exist all the time. No matter what, we always commits faults, even if we dont act them out, thinking them is just as bad.

The Afro-Americans and The Civil War Essay -- Racism American History

The Afro-Americans and The Civil WarNo officer in this command now doubts that the key to the successful prosecution of this warlies in the unlimited engagement of colored troops. Their superiority lies simply in the fact that they know the country, while white troops do not, and, moreover, that they cede peculiarities oftemperament, position, and motive which belong to them alone. Instead of expiration their homes and families to fight they are fighting for their homes and families, and they show the resolutionand sagacity which a personal purpose gives. It would begin been madness to attempt, with thebravest white troops what I have successfully accomplished with the black ones. Everything, even to the piloting of the vessels and the selection of the suitable points for cannonading, was done by my own THE FIRST BLACK SOLDIERS(Extracted from Army Life in a Black Regiment - Higginson. Published Fields, Osgood andCompany, Boston, Massachusetts, 1870.) It had become a people d ivided, friend against friend, and brother against brother, it was aCivil War. Many people lost their lives during this war, virtu all toldy unnecessarily. With LincolnsEmancipation declaration came the hope of freedom for slaves. The just thing that Lincoln didnot count on was how long the war would last. If he had foreseen this, he would have enlisted theaid of blacks as soldiers sooner than he did. This would have saved many lives that were lost, andmight have ended the war sooner.On January 1,1863 chairwoman Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation as the nationwas heading into the three year of Americas bloodiest battle - the Civil War. This proclamationdeclared all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of the State, the peoplewhereof shall be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and foreverfree. Yet despite the way of life the Emancipation Proclamation was worded, it was limited in manyways. The Proclamation only (prenominal) applied to those states that had seceded from the Union, therebyleaving slavery untouched in the loyal dodge states. It also exempted some parts of theConfederate states that had already been seized by the North. to the highest degree importantly, the freedom ithad promised depended upon the Unions military victory in the war.The Emancipation Proclamation did not immediat... ... officers. All such recommendations will be filed inthe self-assurance .for Colored Troops. 4Each applicant shall be subjected to a fair solely rigorous examination as to physical,mental, and moral fitness to command troops. 5The Board shall specify for what grudge of commission the several applicants are fit, andshall also crystallise and number them according to sexual morality or proficiency. 6Appointments to each grade shall only be made from the candidates approved by theBoard, and in the order of merit recommended by it. 7The report of the Board, if adverse, shall be conclusive, and no person jilted by it shallbe re-examined. 8Other instructions will be communicated to boards if required. By order of the Secretary of WarE. D. TOWNSEND,Assistant Adjutant-General.Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters, US let him get an double birdie on hisbutton, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, and there is no power on earthwhich can deny that he has earned the salutary to citizenship in the United States Frederick Douglass The Afro-Americans and The Civil War Essay -- Racism American History The Afro-Americans and The Civil WarNo officer in this regiment now doubts that the key to the successful prosecution of this warlies in the unlimited employment of black troops. Their superiority lies simply in the fact that they know the country, while white troops do not, and, moreover, that they have peculiarities oftemperament, position, and motive which belong to them alone. Instead of leaving their homes and families t o fight they are fighting for their homes and families, and they show the resolutionand sagacity which a personal purpose gives. It would have been madness to attempt, with thebravest white troops what I have successfully accomplished with the black ones. Everything, even to the piloting of the vessels and the selection of the proper points for cannonading, was done by my own THE FIRST BLACK SOLDIERS(Extracted from Army Life in a Black Regiment - Higginson. Published Fields, Osgood andCompany, Boston, Massachusetts, 1870.) It had become a Nation divided, friend against friend, and brother against brother, it was aCivil War. Many people lost their lives during this war, some unnecessarily. With LincolnsEmancipation Proclamation came the hope of freedom for slaves. The only thing that Lincoln didnot count on was how long the war would last. If he had foreseen this, he would have enlisted theaid of blacks as soldiers sooner than he did. This would have saved many lives that were lost, andmight have ended the war sooner.On January 1,1863 President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation as the nationwas heading into the third year of Americas bloodiest battle - the Civil War. This proclamationdeclared all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of the State, the peoplewhereof shall be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and foreverfree. Yet despite the way the Emancipation Proclamation was worded, it was limited in manyways. The Proclamation only applied to those states that had seceded from the Union, therebyleaving slavery untouched in the loyal border states. It also exempted some parts of theConfederate states that had already been seized by the North. Most importantly, the freedom ithad promised depended upon the Unions military victory in the war.The Emancipation Proclamation did not immediat... ... officers. All such recommendations will be filed inthe Bureau .for Colored Troops. 4Each applicant sh all be subjected to a fair but rigorous examination as to physical,mental, and moral fitness to command troops. 5The Board shall specify for what grade of commission the several applicants are fit, andshall also classify and number them according to merit or proficiency. 6Appointments to each grade shall only be made from the candidates approved by theBoard, and in the order of merit recommended by it. 7The report of the Board, if adverse, shall be conclusive, and no person rejected by it shallbe re-examined. 8Other instructions will be communicated to boards if required. By order of the Secretary of WarE. D. TOWNSEND,Assistant Adjutant-General.Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters, US let him get an eagle on hisbutton, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, and there is no power on earthwhich can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship in the United States Frederick Douglass