Western Art Exhibition Critique

The show â€Å"Renoir in the 20th Century† is a group art exhibit of the French artist Pierre-Auguste Renoir and his friends, held at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), exhibiting from February 14 to May 9, 2010. The paintings on exhibit are the works Renoir finished in the last 30 years of his life, included in the 6,000 art pieces he finished throughout his entire career. The gallery literature lists his displayed work as â€Å"decorative, classical, and a highly personal interpretation of the Grand Tradition. The artists that Renoir influenced throughout his life and are also on display at the LACMA with their paintings, drawings and sculptures are Picasso, Matisse, Maillol and Bonnard. The art works in the public display by Renoir consist of women, children and family members with only a few self-portraits. No landscape or still life is evident in this show, as in his earlier Impressionism shows. But what makes it important is that the art work is good, as compared to years of negative art reviews by critics, who have turned their backs on this notable artist in his later years. Painting until he died in 1919, Renoir was an unpretentious and very humble artist, even though he always wanted to be the best at what he did. He had become well-established during the Impressionism years because of his talent and this attitude. However, his successful art period was quickly followed by years of wondering if he could ever paint again. I’m starting to know how to paint. It has taken me over fifty years’ work to get this far and it’s not finished yet,† declared the artist Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) in 1913, at a time when a major exhibition of his work, including the large nudes painted at the turn of the twentieth century, was in the show at the Bernheim Jeune gallery in Paris. When Renoir followed other artists, such as Monet, into Impressionism it w as considered by the art world as a huge movement away from Realism – the historical work of past artists that almost appeared to imitate life. The year 1869 had brought a new style of art called Impressionism into the world, developed by artists Renoir and Monet. At the beginning of the art movement, the works of both artists were so much alike it was as if their still life and landscape art blended together into one joyful union with colors to match the feelings. Using unmixed primary colors, the work had a look about it unlike any other. The dark earthy tones and heavy dedicated brush strokes of the previous masters were gone. By 1880, Renoir had begun to move away from Impressionism even though he was highly sought for his unique colors and rainbow palette style, especially in his nudes and body forms. However, deep inside he felt he had â€Å"wrung Impressionism dry. † These feelings are because his work of the human form had always been more traditional than other artists of the Impressionism group, and he was feeling as if it was pulling him away from what he felt was right for him. Renoir's return from an Italy trip in 1982 left him doubting Impressionism even more, with his work changing so much that critics, patrons and other artists felt he was going downhill with his art ability. At this time, late Renoir artwork was beginning to be considered bad Renoir work. Showing with the Impressionists, the painter [Renoir] is reported to have lamented to a dealer, â€Å"I've come to the conclusion that I can neither paint nor draw. † Looking at the show one is inclined to mumble, â€Å"Indeed. Renoir eventually left Impressionism, returning to the full-bodied female nude and children he enjoyed doing, instead of landscape and outdoors. After studying in Italy, he discovered the importance of drawing prior to painting. According to the art exhibit literature, the work of Gabriel and Jean that Renoir painted in 1895, a painting of his infant son and nanny, demonstrated this fact. Prior to its painting, he worked on preparatory drawings of the painting before he started. This was difficult He had become so mesmerized with the child's infant gown he spent hours on the painting, while quickly painting over the face of Gabrielle whom he really did not want to paint, refusing her several times prior to this. â€Å"He [Jean] said that in his father's paintings, everyone looked as if they were brothers and sisters. We are all Renoir's children in the paintings,† Jean Renoir said. † Severely in pain with rheumatoid arthritis, his hands became completely gnarled and he became wheelchair-bound. In as much pain as he was, he still painted for years. Paintings like Jean as a Huntsman shows a full-length portrait of his son, Jean, referred to as a modern â€Å"Blue Boy. † The work appears as a work of the old masters, with the gallery listings describing it as similar to the work of Spanish artist Diego Velazquez, which exemplified Renoir's work with â€Å"great art of the past† – with Jean posing for several months while his father painted under extreme pain throughout the process. According to the LACMA literature for the show, the painting remained with Renoir until his death, and then was given to LACMA by Renoir's son, Jean, in 1979. Subject matter of his final years were nudes, girls at a piano, children with their nannies – turning his back on his Impressionism style he had been so involved with earlier in his life. The light brush strokes disappeared, with Renoir returning to the style of the old masters such as Rubens. With hands appearing as old tree stumps, he had mastered the use of color and brush strokes toward his final years. To paint, he wrapped fabric around his gnarled fingers while clamping a paintbrush between the thumb and first of his right hand, appearing gaunt and emaciated. But he still painted for hours because if he quit, the pain may actually destroy him. The art display â€Å"Renoir in the 20th Century† Los Angeles County Museum of Art demonstrates how far Renoir had come artistically toward the end of his life. Instead of â€Å"Bad Renoir art† in his later years, it was the best he had ever done with a glowing to his skin tone other artists could not compete with. Becoming more and more of an art master who was dedicated to his work helped him overcome his physical pain. Through this, he worked to re-develop and refine the traditional forms and methods into an exquisite art form he had always preferred. Nowhere is this success more apparent than in the art exhibit of Renoir and his friends.

Commentary for “The May Poles and Their Queen” Essay

When reading the Greek myth Orpheus, I was immediately struck by the heroism of the central character. Orpheus is the classic male hero, overcoming all obstacles to bring back his beloved Eurydice, only to be eventually thwarted by something even more powerful than his heroism: his own love. Because of the essentially classical, romanticized nature of Orpheus, I felt it would be an ideal source text for a modern-day interpretation. In order to gain a better understanding of the text, I initially adopted, in Stuart Hall’s terms, the ‘preferred’ reading; that is, how the audience are ‘meant’ to read a text, who they are expected to empathise with and what conclusions they are meant to draw. Applying Greimas’s structuralist scheme, I found it easy to identify Orpheus as the ‘subject’ or, according to Propp’s ‘spheres of influence’, the ‘hero’. Orpheus can also be identified as Propp’s ‘donor’ figure through his extraordinary skill at playing the lyre, which provides him with apparently limitless power when it comes to charming the gods of the underworld. The ‘sender’ would be Eurydice, for dying and subsequently ‘sending’ Orpheus on his quest to the underworld. The ‘villain’ could be Aristaeus for chasing Eurydice, or any of the creatures of the underworld for opposing Orpheus. Alternatively, and perhaps more interestingly, the ‘villain’ could be Orpheus’s own love, which is so strong it forces him to look back, and lose his wife forever. Eurydice can also be identified as Greimas’s ‘object’ or Propp’s ‘princess’: the ‘object’ of Orpheus’s quest, whose only ‘skill’ is to be desired by the ‘subject’, Orpheus. I also applied Tzvetan Tordorov’s theory that there is a similar narrative framework to all stories. For Todorov, a story usually begins with a state of peace and harmony, an ‘equilibrium’: Orpheus has his love, his music and is happy. This then evolves into ‘disruption’: Eurydice dies and Orpheus must journey to the underworld to bring her back. Then Orpheus attempts to repair the ‘disequilibrium’, by charming the creatures of the underworld. Next, according to Todorov, a ‘new equilibrium’ is often found. However, in Orpheus, this is not the case. Eurydice is left in the underworld and Orpheus’s head is left singing alone in the upper world, still crying out for his lost love, unable to find his ‘new equilibrium’ by being denied even unity in death. Applying these structuralist theories, I found, only served to emphasize the essentially patriarchal nature of the myth. The literary theorist Terry Eagleton talks of how â€Å"[a text’s] blindnesses, what it does not say and how it does not say it†¦ [is] maybe as important as what it articulates† (Eagleton, 1996) i.e. the ‘untold’ story, the ‘gaps’ in the original tale, can allow for additional perspectives other than the conventional, ‘preferred’ reading. In reference to Orpheus, I felt that the character of Eurydice, and her account of events, was a very important ‘blindness’, which had been largely ignored by Greek mythology. Because of this, I decided to adopt a more ‘oppositional reading’, as Hall would characterise it, and subsequently, a more ‘feminist’ approach, making Eurydice the classic hero. This opened up a variety of possibilities to me concerning the other roles. Could Orpheus (or Christian in my re-working) now become the ‘villain’, his ‘quest’, from her perspective, becoming more akin to a ‘hunting down’? The ‘object’ could now become Edie’s desire to be recognised and appreciated. Could Christian’s ‘underworld’ not be Edie’s ‘new equilibrium’? I also thought it would be interesting to strip Christian of his ‘donor’ role by making his musical talent all a faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade. I felt that it was a perfectly reasonable reading of the original text to believe that the reason Orpheus ‘required’ Eurydice was simply to act as his ‘muse’ and inspire him to create beautiful music. By interpreting Orpheus’ need for Eurydice on a more literal level, I could make Edie the one who was the true musician. This makes Christian’s need for her all the more desperate as, without Edie, Christian feels he can no longer be a successful musician, as is the case in the original text. I also felt that the tale of Orpheus had almost become too romanticized and was subsequently open to a parody. Consequently, I tried to create a carnivalesque interpretation, that is, exaggerate some of the key aspects of the characters until they almost become ‘grotesque’, in order to evoke humour. I decided to make my target audience aged 14-18, as I felt that they would feel comfortable with the modern-day, often egotistical, music culture, and also be open to, and appreciate, the attempt to invert the original tale’s gender stereotyping. As I wanted to create a visually dynamic as well as linguistically comical piece, I chose the genre of a television drama: a genre likely to appeal to my target audience. This also allows the piece to suddenly break out of realism in order to give the drama a distinctly surreal edge, for example, the impromptu arrival of the snake. I felt the addition of this element of ‘magical realism’ to the piece would add to the farcical nature and heighten the comedy. The opening few scenes are key to establishing the tone of the piece, and also the characters’ relationships. The opening scene of a â€Å"rock band† performing on stage is designed to grab the viewer’s attention, whilst also appealing to my target audience. Christian uses the informal register of the archetypal ‘rock star’: â€Å"We’ve been Christian and the May Poles! Goodnight!† This type of lexis has connotations of arrogance and vanity, which is designed to contrast with the stupidity of Orpheus’s kilt and also the band name ‘Christian and the May Poles’, a pun on the original ‘Maenads’. By having Edie backstage, providing the real musical talent, she initially appears a relatively oppressed, marginalised character: always forced to stay in the background: â€Å"Yeah. Well, I ain’t ‘Christian’, am I?† There is a sense that Edie has accepted the belief imposed upon her by Christian: that she is simply an accessory to his success. I gave her a distinct Northern accent in order to appear more ‘down to earth’ than her ‘rock star’ counterpart, and also to appeal more to the audience as the ‘under-dog’. Throughout, Christian is portrayed as the archetypal, vain, male ‘rock star’. I attempted to emphasize this vanity linguistically, through his self-obsessed use of language – â€Å"You’ve already got flowers. My flowers. Flowers handpicked by moi† – and also through his obsession with his eyebrows. I felt that by giving this conventionally ‘effeminate’ concern to both Christian and Al, I could further parody the ‘strong’ male stereotype associated with Greek myths. One of the key changes that I made to the original text was that in my drama, Edie runs away from Christian as opposed to â€Å"Aristaeus†. She is also willingly ‘bitten’ by the snake. By having Edie willingly leave Christian for the ‘underworld’, this is in keeping with my overall ‘feminist’ angle of approach, as it now becomes Edie’s ‘quest’ to find her role as a performer. Instead of making the characters of my ‘underworld’ subtly linked to the characters in the original myth, I decided on overstating their most obvious physical features in order to provide an out and out carnivalesque adaptation. Because of this, I decided that a theatre would be an ideal setting, and, by drawing inspiration from the character of the serpent, introduced the idea of a pantomime production of the Bible in the hope that this would generate further humour. Deliberately playing with the notion of stereotypes, that is foregrounding the whole issue, was also a comic device. Just as Christian is the ‘stereotypical rock star’, so all the characters of the underworld are stereotypical actors, as I felt this would add a new angle to these conventionally frightening characters. The use of ‘stock’ figures and the language associated with them, – such as the ‘wise’ Yorkshiremen – would also speed up audience recognition and mean the characters would not need to be individually introduced. In earlier drafts, I had attempted to give the beginning a more serious edge, in order to contrast with the absurdity of the underworld. I had incorporated monologues, in the style of Jim Cartwright’s Road, in an attempt to provide greater character insight. However, these monologues seemed to ‘jar’ with the other scenes and make the beginning appear ‘flat’, without really adding to the piece. Although they established the characters, they did so in a rather bland, pedestrian way, so these scenes were reworked. However, I still felt I had to emphasize the difference between the characters of the ‘upper world’ and those of the ‘underworld’ and one of the main ways I did this was through my choice of language. Because my chosen setting was a theatre, I wanted to give the language of the ‘underworld’ a distinct theatrical edge. One of the ways I tried to achieve this was through my use of â€Å"luvvies'† discourse, for example, the Serpent’s line â€Å"How marvellous!†, an indication of the affected register of language associated with the theatre. This inflated speech is in immediate contrast to both Christian and Edie’s more ‘down to earth’, Northern dialect and I tried to emphasize this contrast by having the two types of speech juxtaposed in order that they might ‘break against’ each other and subsequently, generate humour: â€Å"Greetings Child/Who the hell are you?† Another theatrical device which I made use of was the ‘one liner’ – a device associated with pantomime – in the hope that this would make the piece feel like a â€Å"pantomime production of Orpheus† as it were. For example the serpent’s ‘one-liner’ â€Å"I’m playing the serpent incidentally† attempts to add humour by overstatement, as I interpreted this character on a literal level and made my serpent, an actor â€Å"wearing a giant green snake costume†. This line also refers to both the pantomime production of the Bible and the original Greek myth. It will inform viewers already familiar with the myth that the ‘descent into the underworld’ is about to begin, and provide a ‘sneak preview’ into future events. The ‘wise men’, Rod, Bob and Todd were added to act as a Cerebus figure. I gave them each a pint of beer in order that they might ‘foam at the mouth’ as Cerebus was famed for doing, and made them â€Å"drunk and†¦ quite menacing† in order to, like Cerebus, be perceived as ‘vicious’. Through their physical similarity and the syntactical correspondency of their language, they are designed to appear like a ‘club-act’, finishing off each other’s sentences in an almost ‘pantomime patter’ style, in order to ‘gang up’ on Christian: â€Å"We are wise men./The wise men of Yorkshire†. I also made them speak simultaneously, in order to appear as though they are ‘one being with three heads’: â€Å"We know!† I transformed the original mythological character of Charon into another actor, Little Ron. I combined many of the traditional aspects of Charon such as the hood and cape, with sunglasses in order to contrast with Charon’s ‘blazing eyes’ motif. I also made him exceptionally short in order to dismiss any preconceptions which the audience may have of Charon being ‘spooky’ and ‘all powerful’. As opposed to Orpheus paying Charon ‘one silver coin’ to descend in the underworld, Christian instead gives Little Ron a cigarette. I felt this fitted in with my modern-day outlook and also would add a comical element by effectively having â€Å"God† smoking. One of the most dramatic changes I made to the original tale was that in my version, Edie chooses to stay in the ‘underworld’, and it is she, as opposed to Des/Hades, who sends Christian back to the ‘upper world’ with the dismissive remark â€Å"I’m an actress, Chris†. By changing the original ending, Edie has found her real existence in the underworld, and to her, it is the upper world which is full of misery. Christian, however becomes a classic picture of male melancholy: â€Å"homeless and unable to even strum his guitar.† He is an allusion to the current crisis in masculinity, a phenomenon often voiced in the media, his ‘traditional role’ as the performer taken over by his female counterpart: abandoned for â€Å"Keith Harris†. Because of this, Christian feels his masculinity has been threatened. This is then made ironic by his final effeminate cry of â€Å"My tweezers!† In the final scene, I had Edie â€Å"smiling sadistically† as she plucks her eyebrows, indicative of her mocking of Christian, a reversal of the original patriarchal tale. For whereas in the original text, it is the ‘hero’ Orpheus who ‘goes on his quest and fails’, in my transformation it is the ‘heroine’ Edie, who not only sets off on her ‘quest’ but also succeeds and ultimately, it is she who ‘comes out on top’. BIBLIOGRAPHY Philip, Neil. The Illustrated Book of Myths, (DK, 2000) Hughes, Ted. Ted Hughes’ Collected Plays for Children, (Faber, 2001) Widdicombe, Rupert. The Sunday Times, (4 September 1994, CINEMA, pages 10-11) Ross, Alison and Greatrex, Jen. A2 English Language and Literature, (Heinemann, 2001) Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory, An Introduction (Blackwell, 1996) Machery, Pierre. A Theory of Literary Production (Routlege and Kegan Paul. 1978) Graves, Robert. The Greek Myths:1 (Penguin, 1955) Vogler, Christopher. The Writer’s Journey: Mythic Structure for Writers (Michael Wiese Productions, 1998) Cartwright, Jim. Road (Samuel French, 1989)

Center For Applied Linguistics What Is An Assessment...

Center for Applied Linguistics What is an assessment portfolio? An assessment portfolio is a compilation of a student s authentic work over a particular period. The assessment portfolio allows for identifying growth in a concise package. The collection of work includes grading guidelines, the rational for the evaluations chosen, and allow for self-awareness. What are the advantages of assessment portfolio systems for ELLs? The portfolio of assessment allows students to guide their personal, academic goals by composing academic evidence of their abilities. A portfolio allows a visual understanding of accomplishments each ELL student has achieved. It allows for an open grading scale. The collection of work allows students to have the input of the academic success.The ideology of the collection of work encompasses positive attributes that allow students another positive interaction throughout their academic day. What are the challenges of assessment portfolios? Portfolios of any type require an extensive amount of time and organization, especially depending on classroom size. There may be limitations to the value of an assessment portfolio. A factor of these constraints may include the view of bias (positive or negative) from the educator perception of the child s growth and potential. The fact that materials listed in the documentation are not based on standardized testing models lack credibility for some school districts. I have questions dealing with classShow MoreRelated The Issue with Traditional Testing Methods Essay3581 Words   |  15 Pagesplace in a non-discriminatory manner, adjustments must be made. According to the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), â€Å"Alternative assessment is any form of measuring what students know and are able to do other than traditional standardized tests. 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Cobalt Complexes - 1451 Words

Cobalt Complexes Lab 4 Cobalt and its slew of complex children Abstract: Through a series of substitution reactions, different cobalt ammine complexes were created. These complexes were analyzed via, precipitation and gravimetric measures to determine that the substitution reactions that occurred. Introduction: Coordination chemistry is an important part of inorganic chemistry that involves the association and dissociation of ligands to a metal. The size, shape, and nucleophilic strength of a ligand will determine if a substitution reaction will potentially take place. Also, the charge, size, and oxidation state of the metal will determine how well substitution occurs. Associative substitution†¦show more content†¦Report Step 2: By adding the concentrated acid to carbonatotetraamminecobalt (III), carbonate was lost from the complex and released as carbon dioxide. This allowed for ammonia to take its place and also freed up a space for chloride ion to coordinate. This gave the complex an 18 electron count, stabilizing the compound. The compound was a redish purple color. The step was performed twice due to a small amount of product (1.7421 grams) the first time. This may be because of not getting the reaction hot enough the first time to avoid making aquopentammineco balt (III). The second time 3.4552 grams product was made, giving a total of 5.1973 grams for the two times the step was performed. Experimental Step 3: Preparation of Nitropentamminecobalt (III) Chloride [Co(NH3)5NO2]Cl2: 1.4983 grams of chloropentamminecobalt (III) chloride was added to 15 mL water and 5 mL of 6M NH3. The solution was warmed for about 10 minutes on and off a hot plate until the salt dissolved. The solution was then suction filtered to get rid of any remaining solid, then cooled and slightly acidified using dilute HCl. 1.9986 grams of Na NO2 was added and heated slightly to dissolve the initial red precipitate that formed. 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The structure of these complexes would show that there is no centre of inversion orRead MoreCobalt (Ii) Oxygen Essay2726 Words   |  11 PagesCobalt(II) Oxygen adduct complex Inorganic 461 lab 2-29-2012 Abstract This experiment uses Co(salen) as a model compound illustrating the uptake of oxygen in hemoglobin. SalenH2 was prepared as the intermediate, and reacted with hydrated cobalt to prepare Co(salen). Using Co(salen) the oxygen up-take was tested. The synthesis of SalenH2 produced 0.65 g. The percent yield of salenH2 was 116% on the filter paper and 105% after transferring salenH2 to a vial. The melting point of salenH2, was

My Little Son And My Beloved By Morris Rosenfeld - 928 Words

Since a poem is often less than a standard page in length, it is useful to consider similar poems to each other in order to locate a textual echo. The poems â€Å"My Little Son† and â€Å"To my Beloved†by Morris Rosenfeld both echo themes of struggling familial structure due to the stress and time devoted to working. In all three of these poems the protagonist is conflicted between the amount of work he has to do in order to support his family, and the lack of time he is actually getting to spend with his family. The amount of work and use of modern technology greatly impacts the family structure of the immigrants in these poems, and requires them to make great sacrifices as they are forced to choose between being productive at work and having a good relationship with their family. This tough decision will greatly effect both the immigrant worker and the rest of his family as the author tries to communicate the difficulty of working so hard and such long hours in immi grant America. The tension between time spent at work and time spent with family is clear in both of Rosenfeld’s poems, as well as the adverse effect that working long hours has on relationships. In â€Å"To My Beloved† the speaker has worker is too busy working and has â€Å"hired out my arms and hands,† and therefore is not able to embrace his beloved who has come to see him while at work (Rosenfeld 27). The speaker exclaims that â€Å"here I may not embrace you—no,† to his significant other, and instead encourages her to â€Å"come to

Auditing Theory and Practice Auditing and Assurance Services

Question: Discuss about theAuditing Theory and Practicefor Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Answers: Introduction The auditing is considered as a methodology that helps to verify the various accounts of an organization. As per Messier (2016), the auditors generally take the responsibility to plan and perform the auditing procedure by the process of complying the necessary rules, policies, doctrines and regulations of the GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). According to Coad et al. (2016), the auditors usually issue two different types of audit reports and these include unqualified and qualified reports of audit after the performance of the audit procedure of a firm. The viewpoint of a qualified auditor indicates that the extent of a provided accounting as well as financial information is limited. Moreover, it can be said that the particular organization has not been compiled with the principles of the GAAP efficiently. On the other hand, it has been found that the unqualified kind of audit report presents the financial and accounting records of a firm with appropriateness. Thus, it is important for the auditors to maintain the varied factors during performance of the audit operations. At first, the auditors should uphold their simplicity at the time of evaluation of the fiscal declarations. Secondly, it is an important factor for the auditors to consider the various factors related to the monetary situation of the organization into an account. The reason behind this is that it might affect the decisions of banks regarding their investments; moreover, this might also affect the decisions of investors and financial institutions. On the basis of the case study, it can be said that the particular report on auditing was unqualified, especially after the duration 30th of June of the year 2012. The audit report of the King Queen audit firm implies that the Impulse Pty Limited had an effective operation during auditing. It has been noted that the particular firm was suffering due to extreme problem of liquidity, as the firms inventory turnover and the turnover of debtors were poor. Based on this it can be said that the particular firm had lesser amount of liquid assets (Broberg, Umans and Gerlofstig 2013). The King Queens auditor were aware of the matter but sufficient priority should also be provided to it. Therefore, effective measures have not been used for gauging accurate asset values. Additionally, the supplementary procedure that is generally required for ascertaining the inventory valuations and debtors of the firm have also not been considered here. On the basis of unqualified report of audit, the firm Easy Finance Limited (EFL) has granted huge quantity of loan to the Impulse, while the report portrays the firms effective liquidity condition. Nevertheless, it has been found that in the year 2012, the liquidity situation of the particular organization dropped down and the EFL suffers for recovering the loan amount that has been provided. This denotes the negligence of the auditors responsibility case, where the auditor failed to take the important factors regarding the fiscal situation of the firm into account; especially those provide issues in order to recover the total amount of loan. Some of the identical cases are as follows: Firstly, as per the result of the case Hedley Byrne and Co Ltd v Heller and Partners (1964) AC 465, the report of the auditors might influence the process of making decision directly. Thus, here the negligence of the auditors has been found to affect the audited party notably. Secondly, a case named Law Society vs. KPMG Peat Marwick and Others; CHD 3 NOV, 1999 has been considered and from this it has been found that the auditors of the auditing firm consider that the compensation fund as well as the community depend on the decisions of the auditors. Moreover, it has been noted that the auditors negligence delays the process of discovering the accounting malpractices and this has increased the expense. Thus, on the basis of the depicted factors, the auditors are considered responsible for ignoring their professional responsibility (Kogan et al. 2014). Therefore, based on above two cases, it can be said that negligence in the professional responsibility might be considered as a serious offence for an auditor and thus, the organization King Queen is considered as answerable to EFL. As per the rules and regulations of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, it has been determined that the audited party as well as the auditor requires maintaining confidentiality. Thus, as per the policy of confidentiality, an auditor is incapable to unveil any kind of information that is associated with the auditing of a firm. In addition to these, it has been found that in certain cases, the auditors are not able to disclose any kind of information that is associated with the third partys internal audit.Opined to the given case study, it can be said that there are two scopes firstly, a particular circumstance where an auditor is capable to divulge the information related to the internal audit of a third party. Moreover, the process of making decision regarding the investment is very dependent on the auditors report. Thus, the company King Queen is considered as accountable to the EFL. The reason behind this is that the earlier was trained to divulge the internal situatio n of the firm to the investors, financial institutions and banks (Porter, Simon and Hatherly 2014). In addition to this, based on the detailed study, it can be said that the given case on the firm King Queen has not revealed any type of information that is related to any financials to the third party and this has helped the firm to deduce its total quantity of liability to the EFL. The reason behind this is that it might violate the regulations and rules of GAAP regarding the disclosure of any financial information related to internal auditing. Therefore, the liability of the audit firm King Queen towards the EFL has been reduced and this has resulted into two different kinds of situations, where the answer might differ on the basis of the permission of the audited third party. According to Vasarhelyi et al. (2012), the independence of the auditor is referred to the particular independence that is provided to the external or internal auditors of the firm from the perspectives of all those parties who are associated with the businesss financial interest. The sovereignty of the companys auditor might be characterized by the help of integrity as well as objective approach to the procedures of auditing. This serves the approach of auditing to the procedure of auditing and this is featured by the help of integrity. Moreover, it can be said that the concept regarding independence needs the auditors for carrying their work in a purpose way. Authentic Independence Opined to Wang et al. (2013), the actual independence is termed as real independence. This is considered as the mind independence. Moreover, this is regarded as the ways by which the auditors deal with the particular circumstances. In addition to this, it identifies the auditors ability to consider the independent decisions when these are kept in a negotiation situation on the portion of the companys directors. Additionally, the mental attitude as well as the personal integrity of an auditor helps him to identify if the auditors are genuinely independent or not. The auditors decision regarding the fiscal declarations of the firm is priced by the method of maintaining the standard of the real independence. Distinguished Independence The auditors perception in the field of solving and tackling the issues that are related to the process of auditing is considered as the perceived independence. It can be said that the auditors might make utilization of various perceptions in order to resolve the issues that might assist to get an optimal solution. Moreover, the judgment of the apparent independence might not be done with the help of utilization of any specific procedure as the concept generally differs from one auditor to another. Therefore, it can be said that there is a high probability that might lead to cause material misstatements at the duration when the asset valuation of a particular firm is conducted (Hayes, Wallage and Gortemaker 2014). As all the arrangements are considered in a various way by which the users have various perceptions and due to this, the professional judgment requires to come to the front. Moreover, the auditors especially who face various troubles regarding the perceived independence are required to count the materiality. This is chiefly considered as the independence of the companys auditors by the third parties and from the viewpoint off the customers who participate in the arrangement of the procedure of auditing. As per the provided case study, it can be said that in the first case, Bob performs two tasks simultaneously. Therefore, at the time of studies in the University, Bob worked as an audit assistant in an organization named Club Casino. Therefore, he requires to finish the assignment of the university and during the period of conducting audit, Bob obtained various financial information that helps to serve assistance during the completion of the assignment. It has been found that in this case, Bob used the companys internal information for his personal cause. Thus, it can be said that Bob breached the principle of confidentiality. Moreover, he breached the principle of integrity and as an auditor himself; he should maintain both the confidentiality and integrity at the time of conducting the process of auditing. In addition, Bob should keep the confidentiality of the data and information, as he is an auditor and should not disclose it or utilize all the fiscal information for his persona l cause without the permission of the authority. The second case is regarding the company Ace Limited, whose audit partner is Wendy. It has been found that in the absence of company secretary, Wendy performed all the duties of a company secretary for long six months. The particular organization should run its business as per the rules and regulations, but it breached the rules of GAAP (Eilifsen et al. 2013). The reason behind this is that as per GAAP, the audit partner of a firm cannot carry out any responsibility of a member of board of directors. Thus, this act is considered as a chief offence in the profession of auditing. Thus, it can be suggested that Wendy should put his resignation from the position of company secretary. As per the third case, Leo is the eldest son of a factory labor. During vacation, he was assigned to the factory Precision Machinery Limited as an internal auditor. In addition to this, more responsibilities were assigned to him and these include payment of cash systems and internal control testing that are related to the operations of the firm (Porter, Simon and Hatherly 2014). Therefore, it can be said that this has resulted into breach of rules regarding auditing, as acquaintances of any employee of a firm cannot be assigned as an audit partner of the similar institution. However, there are mainly two measures by implementing which breach of rules can be protected. These include Leo should give resignation from the position of internal audit or his father should resign from his designation. Thus, by adopting any one of the alternatives, the particular organization will be able to comply its operations with the procedures and regulations of audit. According to the fourth case, Classic Reproduction Pty Limited has Chan Associates as auditors. Since the firm has failed in settlement with Chan Associates regarding its fees (past 3 years), the company has passed through various financial difficulties. Thus, for settling off the dues, the firm has served with various furniture i.e. value 50 % of the exceptional fees of Chan Associates. Additionally, latter obtained 25% of the total shares of unconnected listed organization for recovering the left out part of the fees from the organization Classic Reproduction Pty Limited. As per rules of auditing, auditors cannot admit bribes as a substitution of their fees and cannot accept any shares from unlisted firms and it indicates breach of principle (Arens, Elder and Beasley 2012). Thus, Chan Associates are needed to return all furniture that they have taken and also the shares achieved from Classic Reproduction Pty Limited. References Arens, A.A., Elder, R.J. and Beasley, M.S., 2012.Auditing and assurance services: an integrated approach. Prentice Hall. Broberg, P., Umans, T. and Gerlofstig, C., 2013. Balance between auditing and marketing: An explorative study.Journal of international accounting, auditing and taxation,22(1), pp.57-70. Coad, A., Coad, A., Jack, L., Jack, L., Kholeif, A. and Kholeif, A., 2016. Strong structuration theory in accounting research.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,29(7), pp.1138-1144. Eilifsen, A., Messier, W.F., Glover, S.M. and Prawitt, D.F., 2013.Auditing and assurance services. McGraw-Hill. Hayes, R., Wallage, P. and Gortemaker, H., 2014.Principles of auditing: an introduction to international standards on auditing. Pearson Higher Ed. Kogan, A., Alles, M.G., Vasarhelyi, M.A. and Wu, J., 2014. Design and evaluation of a continuous data level auditing system.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,33(4), pp.221-245. Messier Jr, W., 2016.Auditing assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Porter, B., Simon, J. and Hatherly, D., 2014.Principles of external auditing. John Wiley Sons. Vasarhelyi, M.A., Alles, M., Kuenkaikaew, S. and Littley, J., 2012. The acceptance and adoption of continuous auditing by internal auditors: A micro analysis.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,13(3), pp.267-281. Wang, C., Chow, S.S., Wang, Q., Ren, K. and Lou, W., 2013. Privacy-preserving public auditing for secure cloud storage.IEEE Transactions on computers,62(2), pp.362-375.

Neanderthal Hybrid Essays - Human Evolution,

Neanderthal Hybrid Implications of Neanderthal-Homo Sapiens Hybrid by Abrigo do Lagar Velho. In a recent excavation at Abrigo do Lagar Velho in Portugal, Duarte et al (1999) unearthed what was later to be recognized as early human skeletal remains which pointed to interbreeding between Neanderthal and Modern Humans during the mid - upper Palaeolithic transition. The morphology of the remains, belonging to a child of approximately 3-4 years old, indicates a Neanderthal typology in post-cranial features, and more modern cranial features. The find has been cited as evidence of hybridization between the two traditionally separate human lines, and offers an explanation to the question of Neanderthal extinction. (Trinkaus 1999) Anthropologists are now offered a line of evidence pointing to the contemopranity of Moderns and Neanderthals in parts of Europe and assumptions can be made about their contact: "The discoverers...are making a ground-breaking claim, that the skeleton shows traces of both Neanderthal and modern human ancestry, evidence that modern humans did not simply extinguish the Neanderthals, as many researchers had come to think. Instead the two kinds of human were so alike that in Portugal, at least, they intermingled...for thousands of years." (Kunzig, 1999) By examining the theories of human evolution, and looking at the cultural evolution of tool technology as well as the biological transitions and differences between the two types of humans, we can see that this hybridization just might be the answer. Perhaps this find will be able to tell us what exactly did happen to the Neanderthals. Firstly, it is useful to have an overview of the different theories of human evolution, or I should say the two most widely accepted views as accepted by palaeo-anthropologists in the field. For some years now it has been the contention that the origins of modern humans stem from either a continuous evolution from archaic to modern humans in local regions from an earlier dispersal of Homo erectus, or conversely from modern humans evolved in Africa only which then dispersed to replace those hominids in said regions. These two theories are known as the Continuity or Regional model and the Replacement or Out of Africa model respectively. The fossil (skeletal) and cultural (technological) evidence thus far has pointed to convincing arguments on both sides, which proponents are quick to defend. Neanderthals can be distinguished from anatomically Modern Humans by the presence of prominent brow ridges, low forehead, occipital bun, facial prognathicism, large nasal aperture, and shorter, sturdier skeletal features most notably, distinguishing them from Moderns who were taller and had longer limbs, higher foreheads, lass prominent browridges and rounder skulls. It should be noted that the cranial capacities of both were comparable, with the Neanderthals being even slightly larger. (Klein: 1989) Many proponents of a regional theory claim that such morphological differences show a continuity and depending on how they are viewed can be seen as evidence of variation within a species, not distinct species. This would mean that the Neanderthal morphology developed as an adaptation to the colder glacial climate of Europe and elsewhere. (Wolpoff:1980) From a replacement standpoint however, these differences in morphology are too distinct to be variables on a theme and in conjunction with dates provides evidence supporting that view. (Mellars and Stringer:1989) Neanderthals occupied Europe and the Middle East during a time range usually agreed upon as ranging from roughly 130 kya - 35 kya to as recent as approx. 26kya. Modern populations are seen as early as 100kya in the Middle East and around 40 kya in Europe. At some sites in the middle east, both populations lived in very close proximity to one another for what is thought to be a time range of about 40 000 years. (Akazawa et al:1998) Recent developments in genetic studies have begun to open new lines of evidence in the relatedness of Neanderthals to current modern human populations. By studying the genes of both, we can compare the similarities and differences and calculate whether the two are close enough to say there is a relation or not. This line of research had been theory mostly because the skeletal remains on record had no organic material available from which to extract genetic material (i.e.: collagen in the bone). DNA from a Neanderthal specimen would be able to confer or oppose the " Mitochondrial Eve" theory put forth by Cann et al in 1987 (Foley and Lahr 1992: 526; Klein 1989:352) which stated that the common ancestor for modern human populations could be traced to approx. 200kya in Africa. When DNA was finally extracted from a Neanderthal specimen, this could be addressed.